% \iffalse
%
% Trademarks appear throughout this documentation without any trademark
% symbol, so you can't assume that a name is free. There is no intention
% of infringement; the usage is to the benefit of the trademark owner.
%
%
%  S O F T W A R E   L I C E N S E
% =================================
%
% The files  listings.dtx  and  listings.ins  and all files generated
% from only these two files are referred to as `the listings package'
% or simply `the package'. A `driver' is generated from  lstdrvrs.dtx.
%
% Copyright.
%   The listings package is copyright 1996--2003 Carsten Heinz. The
%   language drivers are copyright 1997/1998/1999/2000/2001/2002/2003
%   any individual author listed in the driver files.
%
% Distribution and warranty.
%   The listings package as well as lstdrvrs.dtx and all drivers are
%   distributed under the terms of the LaTeX Project Public License
%   from CTAN archives in directory  macros/latex/base/lppl.txt.
%   Either version 1.0 or, at your option, any later version.
%
% Modification advice.
%   Permission is granted to modify the listings package as well as
%   lstdrvrs.dtx. You are not allowed to distribute a modified version
%   of the package or lstdrvrs.dtx unless you change the file names and
%   provide the original files. In any case it is better to contact the
%   address below; other users will welcome removed bugs, new features,
%   and additional programming languages.
%
% At your option.
%   To support further development, you might want to send me a copy of
%   your documents, relevant parts of it, or the crucial LaTeX sources.
%   Of course, I don't need examples of normal usage.
%
%   If you distribute the package as part of a commercial product or
%   if you use the package to prepare a commercial document (books,
%   journals, and so on), I'd like to encourage you to make a donation
%   to the LaTeX3 fund. The size of this optional donation should depend
%   on the value of the package for your product. For more information
%   about LaTeX see
%      http://www.latex-project.org
%
% Contacts.
%   Send comments and ideas on the package, error reports and additional
%   programming languages to
%
%       cheinz@gmx.de
%
% end of software license
%
%
%<*driver>
\documentclass[a4paper]{ltxdoc}
\DisableCrossrefs
\OnlyDescription

\usepackage{lstdoc,textcomp}
\makeindex

\begin{document}
    \DocInput{listings.dtx}
\end{document}
%</driver>
% \fi
%
%^^A
%^^A  Command/key to aspect relation
%^^A ================================
%^^A
%\lstisaspect[strings]{string,morestring,deletestring,stringstyle,showstringspaces}
%\lstisaspect[comments]{comment,morecomment,deletecomment,commentstyle}
%\lstisaspect[pod]{printpod,podcomment}
%\lstisaspect[escape]{texcl,escapebegin,escapeend,escapechar,escapeinside,mathescape}
%\lstisaspect[keywords]{sensitive,classoffset,keywords,morekeywords,deletekeywords,keywordstyle,ndkeywords,morendkeywords,deletendkeywords,ndkeywordstyle,keywordsprefix,otherkeywords}
%\lstisaspect[emph]{emph,moreemph,deleteemph,emphstyle}
%\lstisaspect[tex]{texcs,moretexcs,deletetexcs,texcsstyle}
%\lstisaspect[directives]{directives,moredirectives,deletedirectives,directivestyle}
%\lstisaspect[html]{tag,usekeywordsintag,tagstyle,markfirstintag}
%\lstisaspect[keywordcomments]{keywordcomment,morekeywordcomment,deletekeywordcomment,keywordcommentsemicolon}
%\lstisaspect[index]{index,moreindex,deleteindex,indexstyle,\string\lstindexmacro}
%\lstisaspect[procnames]{procnamestyle,indexprocnames,procnamekeys,moreprocnamekeys,deleteprocnamekeys}
%\lstisaspect[style]{style,\string\lstdefinestyle,\string\lst@definestyle,\string\lststylefiles}
%\lstisaspect[language]{language,alsolanguage,defaultdialect,\string\lstalias,\string\lstdefinelanguage,\string\lst@definelanguage,\string\lstloadlanguages,\string\lstlanguagefiles}
%\lstisaspect[formats]{format,fmtindent,\string\lstdefineformat,\string\lst@defineformat,\string\lstformatfiles}
%\lstisaspect[labels]{numbers,numberstyle,numbersep,stepnumber,numberblanklines,firstnumber,\string\thelstnumber,numberfirstline}
%\lstisaspect[lineshape]{xleftmargin,xrightmargin,resetmargins,linewidth,lineskip,breaklines,breakindent,breakautoindent,prebreak,postbreak}
%\lstisaspect[frames]{framexleftmargin,framexrightmargin,framextopmargin,framexbottommargin,backgroundcolor,fillcolor,rulecolor,rulesepcolor,rulesep,framerule,framesep,frameshape,frameround,frame}
%\lstisaspect[make]{makemacrouse}
%\lstisaspect[fancyvrb]{fancyvrb,fvcmdparams,morefvcmdparams}
%\lstisaspect[lgrind]{lgrindef,\string\lstlgrindeffile}
%\lstisaspect[hyper]{hyperref,morehyperref,deletehyperref,hyperanchor,hyperlink}
%\lstisaspect[kernel]{basewidth,fontadjust,columns,flexiblecolumns,identifierstyle,^^A
%   tabsize,showtabs,tab,showspaces,keepspaces,formfeed,SelectCharTable,^^A
%   MoreSelectCharTable,extendedchars,alsoletter,alsodigit,alsoother,excludedelims,^^A
%   literate,basicstyle,print,firstline,lastline,nolol,captionpos,abovecaptionskip,^^A
%   belowcaptionskip,label,title,caption,\string\lstlistingname,boxpos,float,^^A
%   floatplacement,aboveskip,belowskip,everydisplay,showlines,emptylines,gobble,name,^^A
%   \string\lstname,\string\lstlistlistingname,\string\lstlistoflistings,^^A
%   \string\lstnewenvironment,\string\lstinline,\string\lstinputlisting,lstlisting,^^A
%   \string\lstloadaspects,\string\lstset,\string\thelstlisting,\string\lstaspectfiles,^^A
%   inputencoding,delim,moredelim,deletedelim,upquote}
%\lstisaspect[doc]{lstsample,lstxsample}^^A environment
%
%^^A
%^^A  The long awaited beginning of documentation
%^^A =============================================
%^^A
%\newbox\abstractbox
%\setbox\abstractbox=\vbox{
%	\begin{abstract}
%	The \packagename{listings} package is a source code printer for \LaTeX.
%	You can typeset stand alone files as well as listings with an environment
%   similar to \texttt{verbatim} as well as you can print code snippets using
%   a command similar to |\verb|.
%	Many parameters control the output and if your preferred programming
%   language isn't already supported, you can make your own definition.
%	\end{abstract}}
%
% \title{\vspace*{-2\baselineskip}The \textsf{Listings} Package}
% \author{Copyright 1996--2003\\ Carsten Heinz \textless\lstemail\textgreater}
% \date{2003/06/21\enspace\enspace Version 1.1\\ \box\abstractbox}
% \def\lstemail{\href{mailto:cheinz@gmx.de}{\texttt{cheinz@gmx.de}}}
% \ifhyper
%    \hypersetup{pdfsubject=Package guide,pdfauthor=Carsten Heinz <cheinz@gmx.de>}
% \fi
%
% \csname @twocolumntrue\endcsname
% \maketitle
%^^A \enlargethispage{2\baselineskip}
% \csname @starttoc\endcsname{toc}
% \onecolumn
%
%
% \section*{Preface}
%
% \paragraph{Reading this manual}
% If you are experienced with the \packagename{listings} package, you should
% read the next paragraph ``\emph{News and changes}''. Otherwise read section
% \lstref{uGettingStarted} step by step and go on with section
% \ref{uTheNextSteps}.
%
% \paragraph{News and changes}
% This release mainly fixes bugs; only few keys have been added, refer the
% table---some of them were already available to 1.0 via a patch file.
% Please note that all experimental features and all \dag-marked keys might
% change in future.
% \begin{table}[hbp]
% \footnotesize
% \begin{center}
% \begin{tabular}{@{}rlrl@{}}
% \emph{1.0}&\emph{1.1}&\emph{1.0}&\emph{1.1}\\[1ex]
%   \texttt{keywordsinside} & \texttt{tag} (page \pageref{uoption:tag})
% & ---                     & \texttt{final}$^*$ (p.\,\pageref{uoption:final})\\
%   ---                     & \texttt{tagstyle} (p.\,\pageref{uoption:tagstyle})
% & ---                     & \texttt{numberfirstline} (p.\,\pageref{uoption:numberfirstline})\\
%   ---                     & \texttt{markfirstintag} (p.\,\pageref{uoption:markfirstintag})
% & ---                     & \texttt{upquote} (p.\,\pageref{uoption:upquote})\\
% \texttt{usekeywordsinside}& \texttt{usekeywordsintag} (p.\,\pageref{uoption:usekeywordsintag})
% & & \\
% & & --- & \texttt{fvcmdparams} (p.\,\pageref{uoption:fvcmdparams})\\
% & & --- & \texttt{morefvcmdparams} (p.\,\pageref{uoption:morefvcmdparams})\\[2ex]
% \emph{0.21}&\emph{1.x}&\emph{0.21}&\emph{1.x}\\[1ex]
% \texttt{first}          & \texttt{firstline}          & ---                     & \texttt{numbers}\\
% \texttt{last}           & \texttt{lastline}           & \texttt{labelstep}      & \texttt{stepnumber}\\
% \texttt{stringspaces}   & \texttt{showstringspaces}   & \texttt{labelstyle}     & \texttt{numberstyle}\\
% \texttt{visiblespaces}  & \texttt{showspaces}         & \cs{thelstlabel}        & \cs{thelstnumber}\\
% \texttt{visibletabs}    & \texttt{showtabs}           & \texttt{labelsep}       & \texttt{numbersep}\\
% \texttt{framerulewidth} & \texttt{framerule}          & \texttt{firstlabel}     & \texttt{firstnumber}\\
% \texttt{framerulesep}   & \texttt{rulesep}            & \texttt{advancelabel}   & ---\\
% \texttt{frametextsep}   & \texttt{framesep}           & \texttt{spread}         & ---\\
% \texttt{framespread}    & superceded by               & \texttt{indent}         & \texttt{xleftmargin}$^3$\\
%                         & \texttt{framexleftmargin}   &  ---                    & \texttt{xrightmargin}\\
%                         & \texttt{framexrightmargin}  & \texttt{wholeline}      & \texttt{resetmargins}\\
%                         & \texttt{framextopmargin}    & \texttt{defaultclass}   & \texttt{classoffset}\\
%                         & \texttt{framexbottommargin} & \texttt{stringtest}     & ---\\
% \texttt{framerulecolor} & \texttt{rulecolor}$^1$      & \texttt{outputpos}      & ---\\
%  ---                    & \texttt{columns}$^2$
% \end{tabular}
% \end{center}
% \parindent=20pt\relax
% \par\indent $^*$ This is an option for package loading only.
% \par\indent $^1$ \emph{All} color-keys require now an explicit \cs{color} command in the value.
% \par\indent $^2$ Please look at section \ref{uFixedAndFlexibleColumns}.
% \par\indent $^3$ Now frames are also moved!
% \end{table}
%
% Since 2002/10/13 the following languages have been added: \texttt{erlang},
% \texttt{GCL}, \texttt{[AspectJ]Java}, \texttt{MetaPost}, \texttt{Mizar},
% \texttt{MuPAD}, \texttt{Reduce}, \texttt{Ruby}, \texttt{Scilab}, and
% \texttt{Verilog}. Thanks go to the contributers.
%
% \vfill
% \paragraph{Thanks}
% There are many people I have to thank for fruitful communication, posting
% their ideas, giving error reports, adding programming languages to
% \texttt{lstdrvrs.dtx}, and so on. Their names are listed in section
% \ref{uClosingAndCredits}.
%
% \paragraph{Trademarks}
% Trademarks appear throughout this documentation without any trademark
% symbol; they are the property of their respective trademark owner.
% There is no intention of infringement; the usage is to the benefit of the
% trademark owner.
%
%
% \clearpage
%
%
% \part{User's guide}
%
%
% \section{Getting started}\label{uGettingStarted}
%
%
% \subsection{A minimal file}\label{uAMinimalFile}
%
% Before using the \packagename{listings} package, you should be familiar with
% the \LaTeX\ typesetting system. You need not to be an expert.
% Here is a minimal file for \packagename{listings}.
% \begin{verbatim}
%    \documentclass{article}
%    \usepackage{listings}
%
%    \begin{document}
%    \lstset{language=Pascal}
%
%      % Insert Pascal examples here.
%
%    \end{document}\end{verbatim}
% Now type in this first example and run it through \LaTeX.
% \begin{advise}
% \item Must I do that really?
%       \advisespace
%       Yes and no. Some books about programming say this is good.
%       What a mistake! Typing takes time---wasted if the code is clear to
%       you. And if you need that time to understand what is going on, the
%       author of the book should reconsider the concept of presenting the
%       crucial things---you might want to say that about this guide even---or
%       you're simply unexperienced with programming. If only the latter case
%       applies, you should spend more time on reading (good) books about
%       programming, (good) documentations, and (good) source code from other
%       people. Of course you should also make your own experiments.
%       You will learn a lot. However, running the example through \LaTeX\ 
%       shows whether the \packagename{listings} package is installed.
% \item The example doesn't work.
%       \advisespace
%       Are the two packages \packagename{listings} and \packagename{keyval}
%       installed on your system? Consult the administration tool of your
%       \TeX\ distribution, your system administrator, the local \TeX\ and
%       \LaTeX\ guides, a \TeX\ FAQ, and section \ref{rInstallation}---in
%       the given order. If you've checked \emph{all} these sources and are
%       still helpless, you might want to write a post to a \TeX\ newsgroup
%       like \texttt{comp.text.tex}.
% \item Should I read the software license before using the package?
%       \advisespace
%       Yes, but read this \emph{Getting started} section first to decide
%       whether you are willing to use the package.^^A ;-)
% \end{advise}
%
%
% \subsection{Typesetting listings}
%
% Three types of source codes are supported: code snippets, code segments, and
% listings of stand alone files; snippets are placed inside paragraphs and the
% others as separate paragraphs---the difference is the same as between text
% style and display style formulas.
% \begin{advise}
% \item No matter what kind of source you have, if a listing contains national
%       characters like \'e, \L, \"a, or whatever, you must tell it the
%       package! Section \lstref{uSpecialCharacters} discusses this issue.
% \end{advise}
%
% \paragraph{Code snippets}
% The well-known \LaTeX\ command |\verb| typesets code snippets verbatim.
% The new command |\lstinline| pretty-prints the code, for example
%`\lstinline!var i:integer;!' is typeset by
%`{\rstyle|\lstinline|}|!var i:integer;!|'. The exclamation marks delimit
% the code and can be replaced by any character not in the code;
% |\lstinline$var i:integer;$| gives the same result.
%
% \paragraph{Displayed code}
% The \texttt{lstlisting} environment typesets the enclosed source code. Like
% most examples, the following one shows verbatim \LaTeX\ code on the right
% and the result on the left. You might take the right-hand side, put it into
% the minimal file, and run it through \LaTeX.
% \begin{lstsample}[lstlisting]{}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        { do nothing }
%    end;
%
%    Write('Case insensitive ');
%    WritE('Pascal keywords.');
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% It can't be easier.
% \begin{advise}
% \item That's not true. The name `\texttt{listing}' is shorter.
%       \advisespace
%       Indeed. But other packages already define environments with that name.
%       To be compatible with such packages, all commands and environments of
%       the \packagename{listings} package use the prefix `\texttt{lst}'.
% \end{advise}
% The environment provides an optional argument. It tells the package to
% perform special tasks, for example, to print only the lines 2--5:
% \begin{lstsample}{\lstset{frame=trbl,framesep=0pt}\label{gFirstKey=ValueList}}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}[firstline=2,
%                       lastline=5]
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        { do nothing }
%    end;
%
%    Write('Case insensitive ');
%    WritE('Pascal keywords.');
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% \begin{advise}
% \item Hold on! Where comes the frame from and what is it good for?
%       \advisespace
%       You can put frames around all listings except code snippets.
%       You will learn it later. The frame shows that empty lines at the end
%       of listings aren't printed. This is line 5 in the example.
% \item Hey, you can't drop my empty lines!
%       \advisespace
%       You can tell the package not to drop them:
%       The key `\ikeyname{showlines}' controls these empty lines and is
%       described in section \ref{rTypesettingListings}. Warning: First
%       read ahead on how to use keys in general.
% \item I get obscure error messages when using `\ikeyname{firstline}'.
%       \advisespace
%       That shouldn't happen. Make a bug report as described in section
%       \lstref{uTroubleshooting}.
% \end{advise}
%
% \paragraph{Stand alone files}
% Finally we come to |\lstinputlisting|, the command used to pretty-print
% stand alone files. It has one optional and one file name argument.
% Note that you possibly need to specify the relative path to the file.
% Here now the result is printed below the verbatim code since both together
% don't fit the text width.
% \begin{lstsample}{\lstset{comment=[l]\%,columns=fullflexible}}{\lstset{alsoletter=\\,emph=\\lstinputlisting,emphstyle=\rstyle}\lstaspectindex{\lstinputlisting}{}}
%    \lstinputlisting[lastline=4]{listings.sty}
% \end{lstsample}
% \begin{advise}
% \item The spacing is different in this example.
%       \advisespace
%       Yes. The two previous examples have aligned columns, i.e.~columns with
%       identical numbers have the same horizontal position---this package
%       makes small adjustments only. The columns in the example here are not
%       aligned. This is explained in section \ref{uFixedAndFlexibleColumns}
%       (keyword: full flexible column format).
% \end{advise}
%
% Now you know all pretty-printing commands and environments. It remains
% to learn the parameters which control the work of the \packagename{listings}
% package. This is, however, the main task. Here are some of them.
%
%
% \subsection{Figure out the appearance}\label{gFigureOutTheAppearance}
%
% Keywords are typeset bold, comments in italic shape, and spaces in strings
% appear as \textvisiblespace. You don't like these settings? Look at this:
%\ifcolor
% \begin{lstxsample}[basicstyle,keywordstyle,identifierstyle,commentstyle,stringstyle,showstringspaces]
%    \lstset{% general command to set parameter(s)
%        basicstyle=\small,          % print whole listing small
%        keywordstyle=\color{black}\bfseries\underbar,
%                                    % underlined bold black keywords
%        identifierstyle=,           % nothing happens
%        commentstyle=\color{white}, % white comments
%        stringstyle=\ttfamily,      % typewriter type for strings
%        showstringspaces=false}     % no special string spaces
% \end{lstxsample}
%\else
% \begin{lstxsample}[basicstyle,keywordstyle,identifierstyle,commentstyle,stringstyle,showstringspaces]
%    \lstset{% general command to set parameter(s)
%        basicstyle=\small,          % print whole listing small
%        keywordstyle=\bfseries\underbar,
%                                    % underlined bold keywords
%        identifierstyle=,           % nothing happens
%        commentstyle=\itshape,      % default
%        stringstyle=\ttfamily,      % typewriter type for strings
%        showstringspaces=false}     % no special string spaces
% \end{lstxsample}
%\fi
% \begin{lstsample}{}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        { do nothing }
%    end;
%
%    Write('Case insensitive ');
%    WritE('Pascal keywords.');
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
%\ifcolor
% \begin{advise}
% \item You've requested white coloured comments, but I can see the comment
%       on the left side.
%       \advisespace
%       There are a couple of possible reasons:
%       (1) You've printed the documentation on nonwhite paper.
%       (2) If you are viewing this documentation as a \texttt{.dvi}-file, your
%           viewer seems to have problems with colour specials. Try to print
%           the page on white paper.
%       (3) If a printout on white paper shows the comment, the colour
%           specials aren't suitable for your printer or printer driver.
%           Recreate the documentation and try it again---and ensure that
%           the \packagename{color} package is well-configured.
% \end{advise}
%\fi
% The styles use two different kinds of commands. |\ttfamily| and |\bfseries|
% both take no arguments but |\underbar| does; it underlines the following
% argument. In general, the \emph{very last} command might read exactly one
% argument, namely some material the package typesets. There's one exception.
% The last command of \ikeyname{basicstyle} \emph{must not} read any
% tokens---or you will get deep in trouble.
% \begin{advise}
% \item `|basicstyle=\small|' looks fine, but comments look really bad with
%       `|commentstyle=\tiny|' and empty basic style, say.
%       \advisespace
%       Don't use different font sizes in a single listing.
% \item But I really want it!
%       \advisespace
%       No, you don't.
%^^A       The package adjusts internal data after selecting the basic style at
%^^A       the beginning of each listing. This is a problem if you change the
%^^A       font size for comments or strings, for example.
%^^A       Section \ref{rColumnAlignment} shows how to overcome this.
%^^A       But once again: Don't use different font sizes in a single listing
%^^A       unless you really know what you are doing.
% \end{advise}
%
% \paragraph{Warning}\label{wStrikingStyles}
% You should be very careful with striking styles; the last example is rather
% moderate---it can get horrible. \emph{Always use decent highlighting.}
% Unfortunately it is difficult to give more recommendations since they depend
% on the type of document you're creating. Slides or other presentations often
% require more striking styles than books, for example.
% In the end, it's \emph{you} who have to find the golden mean!
%
%
% \subsection{Seduce to use}\label{gSeduceToUse}
%
% You know all pretty-printing commands and some main parameters. Here now
% comes a small and incomplete overview of other features. The table of
% contents and the index also provide information.
%
% \paragraph{Line numbers}
% are available for all displayed listings, e.g.~tiny numbers on the left, each
% second line, with 5pt distance to the listing:
% \begin{lstxsample}[numbers,numberstyle,stepnumber,numbersep]
%    \lstset{numbers=left, numberstyle=\tiny, stepnumber=2, numbersep=5pt}
% \end{lstxsample}
% \begin{lstsample}{}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        { do nothing }
%    end;
%
%    Write('Case insensitive ');
%    WritE('Pascal keywords.');
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% \begin{advise}
% \item I can't get rid of line numbers in subsequent listings.
%       \advisespace
%       `|numbers=none|' turns them off.
% \item Can I use these keys in the optional arguments?
%       \advisespace
%       Of course. Note that optional arguments modify values for one
%       particular listing only: you change the appearance, step or distance
%       of line numbers for a single listing. The previous values are
%       restored afterwards.
% \end{advise}
% The environment allows you to interrupt your listings: you can end a listing
% and continue it later with the correct line number even if there are other
% listings in between. Read section \ref{uLineNumbers} for a thorough
% discussion.
%
% \paragraph{Floating listings}
% Displayed listings may float:
% \begin{lstsample}{\lstset{frame=tb}}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}[float,caption=A floating example]
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        { do nothing }
%    end;
%
%    Write('Case insensitive ');
%    WritE('Pascal keywords.');
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% Don't care about the parameter \ikeyname{caption} now. And if you put the
% example into the minimal file and run it through \LaTeX, please don't wonder:
% you'll miss the horizontal rules since they are described elsewhere.
% \begin{advise}
% \item \LaTeX's float mechanism allows to determine the placement of floats.
%       What's about that?
%       \advisespace
%       You can write `|float=tp|', for example.
% \end{advise}
%
% \paragraph{Other features}
% There are still features not mentioned so far: automatic breaking of long
% lines, the possibility to use \LaTeX\ code in listings, automated indexing,
% or personal language definitions.
% One more little teaser? Here you are. But note that the result is not
% produced by the \LaTeX\ code on the right alone. The main parameter is
% hidden.
% \begin{lstsample}{\lstset{literate={:=}{{$\gets$}}1 {<=}{{$\leq$}}1 {>=}{{$\geq$}}1 {<>}{{$\neq$}}1}}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    if (i<=0) then i := 1;
%    if (i>=0) then i := 0;
%    if (i<>0) then i := 0;
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
%
% You're not sure whether you should use \packagename{listings}?
% Read the next section!
%
%
% \subsection{Alternatives}
%
% \begin{advise}
% \item Why do you list alternatives?
%       \advisespace
%       Well, it's always good to know the competitors.^^A :-)
% \item I've read the descriptions below and the \packagename{listings} package
%       seems to incorporate all the features. Why should I use one of the
%       other programs?
%       \advisespace
%       Firstly, the descriptions give a taste and not a complete overview,
%       secondly, \packagename{listings} lacks some properties, and, eventually,
%       you should use the program matching your needs most precisely.
% \end{advise}
% This package is certainly not the final utility for typesetting source code.
% Other programs do their job very well---if you are not satisfied with
% \packagename{listings}. Some are independent of \LaTeX, other come as
% separate program plus \LaTeX\ package, and other more are packages which
% don't pretty-print the source code. The second type inlcudes converters,
% cross compilers, and preprocessors. Such programs create \LaTeX\ files
% you can use in your document or stand alone ready-to-run \LaTeX\ files.
%
% Note that I'm not dealing with any literate programming tool here, which
% could also be an alternative. However, you should have heard of the
% \texttt{WEB} system, the tool Prof.~Donald E.~Knuth developed and made use
% of to document and implement \TeX.
%
% \paragraph{\packagename{a2ps}}
% started as `ASCII to PostScript' converter, but today you can invoke the
% program with \texttt{--pretty-print=}\meta{language} option. If your
% favourite programming language is not already supported, you can write your
% own so-called style sheet. You can request line numbers, borders, headers,
% multiple pages per sheet, and many more. You can even print symbols like
% $\forall$ or $\alpha$ instead of their verbose forms. If you just want
% program listings and not a document with some listings, this is the best
% choice.
%
% Visit the home page at
% \href{http://www.infres.enst.fr/~demaille/a2ps}^^A
%      {http://www.infres.enst.fr/\textasciitilde demaille/a2ps}.
%
% \paragraph{\packagename{LGrind}}
% is a cross compiler and comes with many predefined programming languages.
% For example, you can put the code on the right in your document, invoke
% \packagename{LGrind} with \texttt{-e} option (and file names), and run the
% created file through \LaTeX. You should get a result similar to the
% left-hand side:
% \begin{center}
% \begin{minipage}{0.45\linewidth}
%\iflgrind
%    \LGindent=0pt
%    \LGinlinefalse\LGbegin\lgrinde
%    \L{\LB{\K{for}_\V{i}:=\V{maxint}_\K{to}_\N{0}_\K{do}}}
%    \L{\LB{\K{begin}}}
%    \L{\LB{____\C{}\{_do_nothing_\}\CE{}}}
%    \L{\LB{\K{end};}}
%    \L{\LB{}}
%    \L{\LB{\V{Write}(\S{}{'}Case_insensitive_{'}\SE{});}}
%    \L{\LB{\V{WritE}(\S{}{'}Pascal_keywords.{'}\SE{});}}
%    \endlgrinde\LGend
%\else
%    \packagename{LGrind} not installed.
%\fi
% \end{minipage}
% \begin{minipage}{0.45\linewidth}
% \begin{verbatim}
% %[
% for i:=maxint to 0 do
% begin
%     { do nothing }
% end;
%
% Write('Case insensitive ');
% WritE('Pascal keywords.');
% %]\end{verbatim}
% \end{minipage}
% \end{center}
% If you use |%(| and |%)| instead of |%[| and |%]|, you get a code snippet
% instead of a displayed listing. Moreover you can get line numbers to the
% left or right, use arbitrary \LaTeX\ code in the source code, print symbols
% instead of verbose names, make font setup, and more. You will (have to)
% like it (if you don't like \packagename{listings}).
%
% Note that \packagename{LGrind} contains code with a no-sell license and is
% thus nonfree software. It is available via ftp from
% \href{ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/nonfree/support/lgrind}
%      {\textrm{CTAN}/nonfree/support/lgrind}.
%
% \paragraph{\packagename{cvt2ltx}}
% is a family of `source code to \LaTeX' converters for C, Objective C, \Cpp,
% IDL and Perl. Different styles, line numbers and other qualifiers can be
% chosen by command-line option. Unfortunately it isn't documented how other
% programming languages can be added.
%
% Available via ftp from
% \href{ftp://axp3.sv.fh-mannheim.de/cvt2latex}^^A
%      {ftp://axp3.sv.fh-mannheim.de/cvt2latex}.
%
% \paragraph{\packagename{\Cpp2\LaTeX}}
% is a C/\Cpp\ to \LaTeX\ converter. You can specify the fonts for comments,
% directives, keywords, and strings, or the size of a tabulator. But as far as
% I know you can't number lines.
%
% Available via ftp from
% \href{ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/C++2LaTeX-1_1pl1}^^A
%      {\textrm{CTAN}/support/C++2LaTeX-1\textunderscore 1pl1}.
%
% \paragraph{\packagename{S\LaTeX}}
% is a pretty-printing Scheme program (invokes \LaTeX\ automatically)
% especially designed for Scheme and other Lisp dialects. It supports stand
% alone files, text and display listings, and you can even nest the
% commands/environments if you use \LaTeX\ code in comments, for example.
% Keywords, constants, variables, and symbols are definable and use of
% different styles is possible. No line numbers.
%
% Available via ftp from
% \href{ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/slatex}^^A
%      {\textrm{CTAN}/support/slatex}.
%
% \paragraph{\packagename{tiny\textunderscore c2ltx}}
% is a C/\Cpp/Java to \LaTeX\ converter based on \packagename{cvt2ltx} (or the
% other way round?). It supports line numbers, block comments, \LaTeX\ code
% in/as comments, and smart line breaking. Font selection and tabulators are
% hard-coded, i.e.~you have to rebuild the program if you want to change the
% appearance.
%
% Available via ftp from
% \href{ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/tiny_c2l}^^A
%      {\textrm{CTAN}/support/tiny\textunderscore c2l}.
%
% \paragraph{\packagename{listing}}
% ---note the missing \packagename{s}---is not a pretty-printer and the
% aphorism about documentation at the end of \texttt{listing.sty} is not
% true.\space ^^A :-)
% It defines |\listoflistings| and a nonfloating environment for listings.
% All font selection and indention must be done by hand. However, it's
% useful if you have another tool doing that work, e.g.~\packagename{LGrind}.
%
% Available via ftp from
% \href{ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/other/misc}^^A
%      {\textrm{CTAN}/macros/latex/contrib/other/misc}.
%
% \paragraph{\packagename{alg}}
% provides essentially the same functionality as \packagename{algorithms}.
% So read the next paragraph and note that the syntax will be different.
%
% Available via ftp from
% \href{ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/other/alg}^^A
%      {\textrm{CTAN}/macros/latex/contrib/other/alg}.
%
% \paragraph{\packagename{algorithms}}
% goes a quite different way. You describe an algorithm and the package
% formats it, for example
% \begin{center}
% \begin{minipage}{0.45\linewidth}
%\ifalgorithmic
%    \begin{algorithmic}
%    \IF {$i\leq0$}
%    \STATE $i\gets1$
%    \ELSE\IF {$i\geq0$}
%    \STATE $i\gets0$
%    \ENDIF\ENDIF
%    \end{algorithmic}
%\else
%    \packagename{algorithms} not installed.
%\fi
% \end{minipage}
% \begin{minipage}{0.45\linewidth}
% \begin{verbatim}
%\begin{algorithmic}
%\IF{$i\leq0$}
%\STATE $i\gets1$
%\ELSE\IF{$i\geq0$}
%\STATE $i\gets0$
%\ENDIF\ENDIF
%\end{algorithmic}\end{verbatim}
% \end{minipage}
% \end{center}
% As this example shows, you get a good looking algorithm even from a bad
% looking input. The package provides a lot more constructs like |for|-loops,
% |while|-loops, or comments. You can request line numbers, `ruled', `boxed'
% and floating algorithms, a list of algorithms, and you can customize the
% terms \textbf{if}, \textbf{then}, and so on.
%
% Available from
% \href{ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/algorithms}^^A
%      {\textrm{CTAN}/macros/latex/contrib/supported/algorithms}.
%
% \paragraph{\packagename{pretprin}}
% is a package for pretty-printing texts in formal languages---as the title
% in TUGboat, Volume 19 (1998), No.~3 states. It provides environments which
% pretty-print \emph{and} format the source code. Analyzers for Pascal and
% Prolog are defined; adding other languages is easy---if you are or get a bit
% familiar with automatons and formal languages.
%
% Available from
% \href{http://www.mimuw.edu.pl/~wolinski/pretprin.html}^^A
%      {http://www.mimuw.edu.pl/\textasciitilde wolinski/pretprin.html}.
%
% \paragraph{\packagename{alltt}}
% defines an environment similar to \texttt{verbatim} except that |\|, |{| and
% |}| have their usual meanings. This means that you can use commands in the
% verbatims, e.g.~select different fonts or enter math mode.
%
% This package is part of the \LaTeX\ base distribution.
%
% \paragraph{\packagename{moreverb}}
% requires \packagename{verbatim} and provides verbatim output to a file,
% `boxed' verbatims and line numbers.
%
% Available via ftp from
% \href{ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/moreverb}^^A
%      {\textrm{CTAN}/macros/latex/contrib/supported/moreverb}.
%
% \paragraph{\packagename{verbatim}}
% defines an improved version of the standard \texttt{verbatim} environment and
% a command to input files verbatim.
%
% Available via ftp from
% \href{ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools}^^A
%      {\textrm{CTAN}/macros/latex/required/tools}.
%
% \paragraph{\packagename{fancyvrb}}
% is, roughly spoken, a super set of \packagename{alltt},
% \packagename{moreverb}, and \packagename{verbatim}, but many more parameters
% control the output. The package provides frames, line numbers on the left or
% on the right, automatic line breaking (difficult), and more. For example, an
% interface to \packagename{listings} exists, i.e.~you can pretty-print source
% code automatically.
% The package \packagename{fvrb-ex} builds above \packagename{fancyvrb} and
% defines environments to present examples similar to the ones in this guide.
%
% Available via ftp from
% \href{ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/fancyvrb}^^A
%      {\textrm{CTAN}/macros/latex/contrib/supported/fancyvrb}.
%
%
% \section{The next steps}\label{uTheNextSteps}
%
% Now, before actually using the \packagename{listings} package, you should
% \emph{really} read the software license. It does not cost much time and
% provides information you probably need to know.
%
%
% \subsection{Software license}\label{uSoftwareLicense}
%
% The files \texttt{listings.dtx} and \texttt{listings.ins} and all
% files generated from only these two files are referred to as `the
% \packagename{listings} package' or simply `the package'. A `driver'
% is generated from \texttt{lstdrvrs.dtx}.
%
% \paragraph{Copyright}
%   The \packagename{listings} package is copyright 1996--2003 Carsten Heinz.
%   The drivers are copyright any individual author listed in the driver files.
%
% \paragraph{Distribution}
%   The \packagename{listings} package as well as \texttt{lstdrvrs.dtx} and all
%   drivers are distributed under the terms of the \LaTeX\ Project Public
%   License from CTAN archives in directory |macros/latex/base/lppl.txt|,
%   either version 1.0 or any later version.
%
% \paragraph{Modification advice}
%   Permission is granted to modify the \packagename{listings} package as well
%   as \texttt{lstdrvrs.dtx}. You are not allowed to distribute a modified
%   version of the \packagename{listings} package or \texttt{lstdrvrs.dtx}
%   unless you change the file names \emph{and} provide the original files.
%   In any case it is better to contact the address below; other users will
%   welcome removed bugs, new features, and additional programming languages.
%
% \paragraph{At your option}
%   To support further development, you might want to send me a copy of
%   your documents, relevant parts of it, or the crucial \LaTeX{} sources.
%   Of course, I don't need examples of normal usage.
%
%   If you distribute the package as part of a commercial product or
%   if you use the package to prepare a commercial document (books,
%   journals, and so on), I'd like to encourage you to make a donation
%   to the \LaTeX3 fund. The size of this optional donation should depend
%   on the value of the package for your product. For more information
%   about \LaTeX3 see
% \href{http://www.latex-project.org}^^A
%      {http://www.latex-project.org}.
%
% \paragraph{Contacts}
%   Read section \lstref{uTroubleshooting} on how to submit a bug report.
%   Send all other comments, ideas, and additional programming languages to
%   \emph{Carsten Heinz, Tellweg 6, 42275 Wuppertal, Germany} or preferably to
%   \lstemail\ using \texttt{listings} as part of the subject.
%
% \paragraph{Mailing list}
%   This is mainly an announcement list regarding new versions, bugs, patches,
%   and work-arounds. So I recommend it for system administrators, maintainers
%   of \LaTeX\ installations, or people who absolutely need the latest bugs.
%   To join the list, send an email to \lstemail\ with subject
%   \texttt{subscribe listings}.
%
%
% \subsection{Package loading}\label{uPackageLoading}
%
% As usual in \LaTeX, the package is loaded by
%    |\usepackage[|\meta{options}|]{listings}|,
% where |[|\meta{options}|]| is optional and gives a comma separated list of
% options. Each either loads an additional \packagename{listings} aspect, or
% changes default properties. Usually you don't have to take care of such
% options. But in some cases it could be necessary: if you want to compile
% documents created with an earlier version of this package or if you use
% special features. Here's an incomplete list of possible options.
% \begin{advise}
% \item Where is a list of all options?
%       \advisespace
%       In the developer's guide since they were introduced to debug the
%       package more easily. Read section \ref{uHowTos} on how to get that
%       guide.
% \end{advise}
% \begin{description}
% \item[\normalfont\texttt{0.21}]\leavevmode
%
%       compiles a document created with version 0.21.
%
% \item[\normalfont\texttt{draft}]\leavevmode
%
%       The package prints no stand alone files, but shows the captions and
%       defines the corresponding labels.
%       Note that a global |\documentclass|-option \texttt{draft} is
%       recognized, so you don't need to repeat it as a package option.
%
% \item[\normalfont\texttt{final}]\leavevmode\label{uoption:final}
%
%       Overwrites a global \texttt{draft} option.
%
% \item[\normalfont\texttt{savemem}]\leavevmode
%
%       tries to save some of \TeX's memory. If you switch between languages
%       often, it could also reduce compile time. But all this depends on the
%       particular document and its listings.
% \end{description}
% Note that various experimental features also need explicit loading via
% options. Read the respective lines in section \ref{rExperimentalFeatures}.
%
% \medbreak
% After package loading it is recommend to load all used dialects of programming
% languages with the following command. It is faster to load several languages
% with one command than loading each language on demand.
% \begin{syntax}
% \item {\rstyle\icmdname\lstloadlanguages}\marg{comma separated list of languages}
%
%       Each language is of the form \oarg{dialect}\meta{language}. Without
%       the optional \oarg{dialect} the package loads a default dialect. So
%       write `|[Visual]C++|' if you want Visual \Cpp\ and `|[ISO]C++|' for
%       ISO \Cpp. Both together can be loaded by the command
%       |\lstloadlanguages{[Visual]C++,[ISO]C++}|.
%
%       Table \ref{uPredefinedLanguages} on page \pageref{uPredefinedLanguages}
%       shows all defined languages and their dialects.
% \end{syntax}
%^^A After or even before language loading, you might want to define default
%^^A dialects---just to be independent of configuration files.
%
%
% \subsection{The key=value interface}\label{uTheKey=ValueInterface}
%
% This package uses the \packagename{keyval} package from the
% \packagename{graphics} bundle by David Carlisle. Each parameter is
% controlled by an associated key and a user supplied value. For example,
% \ikeyname{firstline} is a key and |2| a valid value for this key.
%
% The command {\rstyle\icmdname\lstset} gets a comma separated list of
% ``key|=|value'' pairs. The first list with more than a single entry is on
% page \pageref{gFirstKey=ValueList}: |firstline=2,lastline=5|.
% \begin{advise}
% \item So I can write `|\lstset{firstline=2,lastline=5}|' once for all?
%       \advisespace
%       No. `\ikeyname{firstline}' and `\ikeyname{lastline}' belong to a small
%       set of
%       keys which are used on individual listings. However, your command is
%       not illegal---it has no effect. You have to use these keys inside the
%       optional argument of the environment or input command.
% \item What's about a better example of a key|=|value list?
%       \advisespace
%       There is one in section \ref{gFigureOutTheAppearance}.
% \item `|language=[77]Fortran|' does not work inside an optional argument.
%       \advisespace
%       You must put braces around the value if a value with optional argument
%       is used inside an optional argument. In the case here write
%       `|language={[77]Fortran}|' to select Fortran 77.
% \item If I use the `\ikeyname{language}' key inside an optional argument, the
%       language isn't active when I typeset the next listing.
%       \advisespace
%       All parameters set via `|\lstset|' keep their values up to the end of
%       the current environment or group. Afterwards the previous values are
%       restored. The optional parameters of the two pretty-printing commands
%       and the `\texttt{lstlisting}' environment take effect on the particular
%       listing only, i.e.~values are restored immediately. For example, you
%       can select a main language and change it for special listings.
% \item \icmdname\lstinline\ has an optional argument?
%       \advisespace
%       Yes. And from this fact comes a limitation: you can't use the left
%       bracket `|[|' as delimiter except you specify at least an empty
%       optional argument as in `|\lstinline[][var i:integer;[|'.
%       If you forget this, you will either get a ``runaway argument'' error
%       from \TeX, or an error message from the \packagename{keyval} package.
% \end{advise}
%
%
% \subsection{Programming languages}\label{uProgrammingLanguages}
%
% You already know how to activate programming languages---at least Pascal.
% An optional parameter selects particular dialects of a language. For example,
% |language=[77]Fortran| selects Fortran 77 and |language=[XSC]Pascal| does the
% same for Pascal XSC. The general form is
%    {\rstyle\ikeyname{language}}|=|\oarg{dialect}\meta{language}.
% If you want to get rid of keyword, comment, and string detection, use
% |language={}| as argument to |\lstset| or as optional argument.
%
% Table \ref{uPredefinedLanguages} shows all predefined languages and dialects.
% Use the listed names as \meta{language} and \meta{dialect}, respectively. If
% no dialect or `empty' is given in the table, just don't specify a dialect.
% Each underlined dialect is default; it is selected if you leave out
% the optional argument. The predefined defaults are the newest language
% versions or standard dialects.
%^^A
%^^A  Make table of predefined languages.
%^^A
%\let\lstlanguages\empty
%\makeatletter
%\@for\lst@temp:={lstlang1.sty,lstlang2.sty,lstlang3.sty}\do
%    {\IfFileExists\lst@temp{}{\let\lstlanguages\relax}}
%\makeatother
%\ifx\lstlanguages\relax
%    \PackageWarningNoLine{Listings}
%        {Standard drivers not available.\MessageBreak
%         Please check your installation.\MessageBreak
%         Compilation aborted}
%    \csname @@end\expandafter\endcsname
%\fi
%\lstscanlanguages\lstlanguages{lstlang1.sty,lstlang2.sty,lstlang3.sty}{}^^A
%\def\topfigrule{\hrule\kern-0.4pt\relax}^^A
%\let\botfigrule\topfigrule
%\belowcaptionskip=\smallskipamount
% \begin{table}[tb]
% \small
% \caption{Predefined languages.
%          Note that some definitions are preliminary, for example HTML and XML.
%          Each underlined dialect is default dialect}\label{uPredefinedLanguages}^^A
% \makeatletter
% \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{^^A
%    \InputIfFileExists{listings.cfg}{\lst@InputCatcodes}{}}^^A
% \lstprintlanguages\lstlanguages
% \end{table}
%^^A
%^^A end of table
%^^A
%\lstset{defaultdialect=[doc]Pascal}^^A restore
% \begin{advise}
% \item How can I define default dialects?
%       \advisespace
%       Check section \ref{rLanguagesAndStyles} for `\keyname{defaultdialect}'.
% \item I have C code mixed with assembler lines. Can \packagename{listings}
%       pretty-print such source code, i.e.~highlight keywords and comments of
%       both languages?
%       \advisespace
%       `\ikeyname{alsolanguage}|=|\oarg{dialect}\meta{language}' selects a
%       language additionally to the active one. So you only have to write a
%       language definition for your assembler dialect, which doesn't interfere
%       with the definition of C, say. Moreover you might want to use the key
%       `\keyname{classoffset}' described in section \ref{rLanguagesAndStyles}.
% \item How can I define my own language?
%       \advisespace
%       This is discussed in section \ref{rLanguageDefinitions}. And if you
%       think that other people could benefit by your definition, you might
%       want to send it to the address in section \ref{uSoftwareLicense}.
%       Then it will be published under the \LaTeX\ Project Public License.
% \end{advise}
% Note that the arguments \meta{language} and \meta{dialect} are case
% insensitive and that spaces have no effect.
%
%
% \subsection{Special characters}\label{uSpecialCharacters}
%
%
% \paragraph{Tabulators}
% You might get unexpected output if your sources contain tabulators.
% The package assumes tabulator stops at columns 9, 17, 25, 33, and so on.
% This is predefined via |tabsize=8|. If you change the eight to the number
% $n$, you will get tabulator stops at columns $n+1,2n+1,3n+1,$ and so on.
% \begin{lstsample}[tabsize]{}{}
%    \lstset{tabsize=2}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    123456789
%    	{ one tabulator }
%    		{ two tabs }
%    123		{ 123 + two tabs }
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% For better illustration, the left-hand side uses |tabsize=2| but the verbatim
% code |tabsize=4|. Note that |\lstset| modifies the values for all following
% listings in the same environment or group. This is no problem here since the
% examples are typeset inside minipages. If you want to change settings for a
% single listing, use the optional argument.
%
%
% \paragraph{Visible tabulators and spaces}
% One can make spaces and tabulators visible:
% \begin{lstsample}[showspaces,showtabs,tab]{}{}
%    \lstset{showspaces=true,
%            showtabs=true,
%            tab=\rightarrowfill}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%        for i:=maxint to 0 do
%        begin
%    	{ do nothing }
%        end;
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% If you request \ikeyname{showspaces} but no \ikeyname{showtabs},
% tabulators are converted to visible spaces.
% The default definition of \ikeyname{tab} produces a `wide visible space'
% \lstinline[showtabs]!	!. So you might want to use |$\to$|, |$\dashv$|
% or something else instead.
% \begin{advise}
% \item Some sort of advice: (1) You should really indent lines of source code
%       to make listings more readable. (2) Don't indent some lines with
%       spaces and others via tabulators. Changing the tabulator size (of your
%       editor or pretty-printing tool) completely disturbs the columns.
%       (3) As a consequence, never share your files with differently tab sized
%       people!^^A true only if you use tabulators, just :-)
% \item To make the \LaTeX\ code more readable, I indent the environments'
%       program listings. How can I remove that indention in the output?
%       \advisespace
%       Read `How to gobble characters' in section \ref{uHowTos}.
% \end{advise}
%
%
% \paragraph{Form feeds}
% Another special character is a form feed causing an empty line by default.
% {\rstyle\ikeyname{formfeed}}|=\newpage| would result in a new page every
% form feed. Please note that such definitions (even the default) might get
% in conflict with frames.
%
%
% \paragraph{National characters}
% If you type in such characters directly as characters of codes 128--255 and
% use them also in listings, let the package know it---or you'll get really
% funny results. {\rstyle\ikeyname{extendedchars}}|=true| allows and
% |extendedchars=false| prohibits extended characters in listings. If you use
% them, you should load \packagename{fontenc}, \packagename{inputenc} and/or
% any other package which defines the characters.
% \begin{advise}
% \item I have problems using \packagename{inputenc} together with
%       \packagename{listings}.
%       \advisespace
%       This could be a compatibility problem. Make a bug report as described
%       in section \lstref{uTroubleshooting}.
% \end{advise}
% The extended characters don't cover Arabic, Chinese, Hebrew, Japanese, and so
% on. Read section \ref{uNationalCharacters} for details on work-arounds.
%
%
% \subsection{Line numbers}\label{uLineNumbers}
%
% You already know the keys \ikeyname{numbers}, \ikeyname{numberstyle},
% \ikeyname{stepnumber}, and \ikeyname{numbersep} from section
% \ref{gSeduceToUse}. Here now we deal with continued listings.
% You have two options to get consistent line numbering across listings.
%
% \begin{lstsample}[firstnumber]{\lstset{numbers=left,numberstyle=\tiny,stepnumber=2,numbersep=5pt}}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}[firstnumber=100]
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        { do nothing }
%    end;
%
%    \end{lstlisting}
%    And we continue the listing:
%    \begin{lstlisting}[firstnumber=last]
%    Write('Case insensitive ');
%    WritE('Pascal keywords.');
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% In the example, \ikeyname{firstnumber} is initially set to 100; some lines
% later the value is \texttt{last}, which continues the numbering of the last
% listing. Note that the empty line at the end of the first part is not printed
% here, but it counts for line numbering. You should also notice that you can
% write |\lstset{firstnumber=last}| once and get consecutively numbered code
% lines---except you specify something different for a particular listing.
%
% On the other hand you can use |firstnumber=auto| and name your listings.
% Listings with identical names (case sensitive!) share a line counter.
% \begin{lstsample}[name]{\lstset{numbers=left,numberstyle=\tiny,stepnumber=2,numbersep=5pt}}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}[name=Test]
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        { do nothing }
%    end;
%
%    \end{lstlisting}
%    And we continue the listing:
%    \begin{lstlisting}[name=Test]
%    Write('Case insensitive ');
%    WritE('Pascal keywords.');
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% The next |Test| listing goes on with line number {\makeatletter\lstno@Test},
% no matter whether there are other listings in between.
% \begin{advise}
% \item Okay. And how can I get decreasing line numbers?
%       \advisespace
%       Sorry, what?
%       \advisespace
%       Decreasing line numbers as on page \pageref{rDecreasingLabels}.
%       \advisespace
%       May I suggest to demonstrate your individuality by other means?
%       If you differ, you should try a negative `\ikeyname{stepnumber}'
%       (together with `\ikeyname{firstnumber}').
% \end{advise}
%
% Read section \ref{uHowTos} on how to reference line numbers.
%
%
% \subsection{Layout elements}
%
% It's always a good idea to structure the layout by vertical space,
% horizontal lines, or different type sizes and typefaces. The best to stress
% whole listings are---not all at once---colours, frames, vertical space, and
% captions. The latter are also good to refer to listings, of course.
%
% \paragraph{Vertical space}
% The keys {\rstyle\ikeyname{aboveskip}} and {\rstyle\ikeyname{belowskip}}
% control the vertical space above and below displayed listings. Both keys get
% a dimension or skip as value and are initialized to |\medskipamount|.
%
% \paragraph{Frames}
% The key \ikeyname{frame} takes the verbose values \keyvalue{none},
% \keyvalue{leftline}, \keyvalue{topline}, \keyvalue{bottomline},
% \keyvalue{lines} (top and bottom), \keyvalue{single} for single frames, or
% \keyvalue{shadowbox}.
% \begin{lstsample}[frame]{}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}[frame=single]
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        { do nothing }
%    end;
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% \begin{advise}
% \item The rules aren't aligned.
%       \advisespace
%       This could be a bug of this package or a problem with your
%       \texttt{.dvi} driver. \emph{Before} sending a bug report to the package
%       author, modify the parameters described in section \ref{rFrames}
%       heavily. And do this step by step!
%       For example, begin with `|framerule=10mm|'. If the rules are
%       misaligned by the same (small) amount as before, the problem does not
%       come from the rule width. So continue with the next parameter.
% \end{advise}
% Alternatively you can control the rules at the \texttt{t}op, \texttt{r}ight,
% \texttt{b}ottom, and \texttt{l}eft directly by using the four initial letters
% for single rules and their upper case versions for double rules.
% \begin{lstsample}[frame]{}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}[frame=trBL]
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        { do nothing }
%    end;
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% Note that a corner is drawn if and only if both adjacent rules are requested.
% You might think that the lines should be drawn up to the edge, but what's
% about round corners? The key \ikeyname{frameround} must get exactly four
% characters as value. The first character is attached to the upper right
% corner and it continues clockwise. `\texttt{t}' as character makes the
% corresponding corner round.
% \begin{lstsample}[frameround]{}{}
%    \lstset{frameround=fttt}
%    \begin{lstlisting}[frame=trBL]
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        { do nothing }
%    end;
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% Note that \ikeyname{frameround} has been used together with |\lstset| and thus
% the value affects all following listings in the same group or environment.
% Since the listing is inside a \texttt{minipage} here, this is no problem.
% \begin{advise}
% \item Dont' use frames all the time, in particular not with short listings.
%       This would emphasize nothing. Use frames for $10\%$ or even less of
%       your listings, for your most important ones.
% \item If you use frames on floating listings, do you really want frames?
%       \advisespace
%       No, I want to separate floats from text.
%       \advisespace
%       Then it is better to redefine \LaTeX's `|\topfigrule|' and
%       `|\botfigrule|'. For example, you could write
%       `|\renewcommand*\topfigrule{\hrule\kern-0.4pt\relax}|' and make the
%       same definition for |\botfigrule|.
% \end{advise}
%
% \paragraph{Captions}
% Now we come to \ikeyname{caption} and \ikeyname{label}. You might guess that
% they can be used in the same manner as \LaTeX's |\caption| and |\label|
% commands:
% \begin{lstsample}[caption,label]{\lstset{xleftmargin=.05\linewidth}}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}[caption={Useless code},label=useless]
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        { do nothing }
%    end;
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% Afterwards you could refer to the listing via |\ref{useless}|. By default
% such a listing gets an entry in the list of listings, which can be printed
% with the command {\rstyle\icmdname\lstlistoflistings}. The key
% {\rstyle\ikeyname{nolol}} suppresses an entry for both the environment or
% the input command. Moreover, you can specify a short caption for the list
% of listings:
%    \keyname{caption}|={|\oarg{short}\meta{long}|}|.
% Note that the whole value is enclosed in braces since an optional value is
% used in an optional argument.
%
% If you don't want the label \texttt{\lstlistingname} plus number, you should
% use \ikeyname{title}:
% \begin{lstsample}[title]{\lstset{xleftmargin=.05\linewidth}}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}[title={`Caption' without label}]
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        { do nothing }
%    end;
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% \begin{advise}
% \item Something goes wrong with `\keyname{title}' in my document: in front of
%       the title is a delimiter.
%       \advisespace
%       The result depends on the document class; some are not compatible.
%       Contact the package author for a work-around.
% \end{advise}
%
% \paragraph{Colours}
% One more element. You need the \packagename{color} package and can then
% request coloured background via
% \ikeyname{backgroundcolor}|=|\meta{color command}.
% \begin{advise}
% \item Great! I love colours.
%       \advisespace
%       Fine, yes, really. And I like to remind you of the warning about
%       striking styles on page \pageref{wStrikingStyles}.
% \end{advise}
%\ifcolor
% \begin{lstxsample}[backgroundcolor]
%    \lstset{backgroundcolor=\color{yellow}}
% \end{lstxsample}
%\else
% \begin{verbatim}
%    color package not installed\end{verbatim}
%\fi
% \begin{lstsample}{}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}[frame=single,
%                       framerule=0pt]
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        j:=square(root(i));
%    end;
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% The example also shows how to get coloured space around the whole listing:
% use a frame whose rules has no width.
%
%
% \subsection{Emphasize identifiers}\label{uEmphasizeIdentifiers}
%
% Recall the pretty-printing commands and environment. |\lstinline| prints
% code snippets, |\lstinputlisting| whole files, and \texttt{lstlisting}
% pieces of code which reside in the \LaTeX\ file. And what are these
% different `types' of source code good for? Well, it just happens that a
% sentence contains a code fragment. Whole files are typically included in or
% as an appendix. Nevertheless some books about programming also include such
% listings in normal text sections---to increase the number of pages.
% Nowadays source code should be shipped on disk or CD-ROM and only the main
% header or interface files should be typeset for reference. So, please, don't
% misuse the \packagename{listings} package. But let's get back to the topic.
%
% Obviously `\texttt{lstlisting} source code' isn't used to make an executable
% program from. Such source code has some kind of educational purpose or even
% didactic.
% \begin{advise}
% \item What's the difference between educational and didactic?
%       \advisespace
%       Something educational can be good or bad, true or false.
%       Didactic is true by definition.^^A :-)
% \end{advise}
% Usually \emph{keywords} are highlighted when the package typesets a piece of
% source code. This isn't necessary for readers knowing the programming
% language well. The main matter is the presentation of interface, library or
% other functions or variables. If this is your concern, here come the right
% keys. Let's say, you want to emphasize the functions |square| and |root|,
% for example, by underlining them. Then you could do it like this:
% \begin{lstxsample}[emph,emphstyle]
%    \lstset{emph={square,root},emphstyle=\underbar}
% \end{lstxsample}
% \begin{lstsample}{}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        j:=square(root(i));
%    end;
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% \begin{advise}
% \item Note that the list of identifiers |{square,root}| is enclosed in
%       braces. Otherwise the \packagename{keyval} package would complain
%       about an undefined key \keyname{root} since the comma finishes the
%       key=value pair.
%       Note also that you \emph{must} put braces around the value if you
%       use an optional argument of a key inside an optional argument of a
%       pretty-printing command. Though it is not necessary, the following
%       example uses these braces. They are typically forgotten when they
%       become necessary,
% \end{advise}
%
% Both keys have an optional \meta{class number} argument for multiple
% identifier lists:
%\ifcolor
% \begin{lstxsample}[emph,emphstyle]
%    \lstset{emph={square},      emphstyle=\color{red},
%            emph={[2]root,base},emphstyle={[2]\color{blue}}}
% \end{lstxsample}
%\else
% \begin{lstxsample}[emph,emphstyle]
%    \lstset{emph={square},      emphstyle=\underbar,
%            emph={[2]root,base},emphstyle={[2]\fbox}}
% \end{lstxsample}
%\fi
% \begin{lstsample}{}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        j:=square(root(i));
%    end;
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% \begin{advise}
% \item What is the maximal \meta{class number}?
%       \advisespace
%       $2^{31}-1=2\,147\,483\,647$. But \TeX's memory will exceed before you
%       can define so many different classes.
% \end{advise}
%
% One final hint: Keep the lists of identifiers disjoint. Never use a keyword
% in an `emphasize' list or one name in two different lists. Even if your
% source code is highlighted as expected, there is no guarantee that it is
% still the case if you change the order of your listings or if you use the
% next release of this package.
%
%
%\iffalse
% \subsection{*Listing alignment}\label{uListingAlignment}
%
% The examples are typeset with centered \texttt{minipage}s. That's the reason
% why you can't see that line numbers are printed in the margin. Now we
% separate the minipage margin and the minipage by a vertical rule:
% \begin{lstsample}{\lstset{frame=l,framesep=0pt,numberstyle=\tiny,stepnumber=2,numbersep=5pt}}{}
%    Some text before
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        { do nothing }
%    end;
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% The listing is lined up with the normal text. The parameter \ikeyname{xleftmargin}
% moves the listing to the right (or left if the dimension is negative).
% \begin{lstsample}{\lstset{frame=l,framesep=0pt,numberstyle=\tiny,stepnumber=2,numbersep=5pt}}{}
%    Some text before
%    \begin{lstlisting}[xleftmargin=15pt]
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        { do nothing }
%    end;
%    \end{lstlisting}
%
%    \begin{lstlisting}{ }
%    Write('Insensitive');
%    WritE('keywords.');
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% Note again that optional arguments change settings for single listings.
%
% If you use environments like \texttt{itemize} or \texttt{enumerate}, there
% is `natural' indention coming from these environments. By default the
% \packagename{listings} package respects this. But you might use
% |resetmargins=true| (or |false|) to make your own decision. You can use it
% together with |xleftmargin|, of course.
% \begin{advise}
% \item I get heavy overfull |\hbox|es from some listings.
%       \advisespace
%       This comes from long lines in your listings. You have some options
%       to get rid of the overful |\hbox|es. Firstly I recommend to typeset
%       listings in smaller fonts than the surrounding text, for example
%       `|basicstyle=\small|'. Secondly you might want to use the flexible
%       column format. Thirdly you can increase the line width or set it
%       explicitly, refer section \ref{rMarginsAndLineShape}.
%       If all this doesn't help, you might want to change
%       `\ikeyname{basewidth}', but be careful! The two unknown items are
%       explained in the next section.
% \end{advise}
%
% You might need to control the vertical position of listings with the
% \ikeyname{boxpos} key, for example, if you use them in \texttt{minipage} or
% \texttt{tabular} environments. Here `listings' means \texttt{lstlisting} or
% |\lstinputlisting|. As the following example shows, you can even place such
% listings inside paragraphs, but you must force the package to do this by
% enclosing the listing in |\hbox{| and |}|.
% \begin{advise}
% \item Is it good form to use the \TeX-primitive `|\hbox|' in a \LaTeX\ 
%       document?
%       \advisespace
%       No, it's not. But \LaTeX's `|\mbox|' does not work in this example:
% \end{advise}
% \begin{lstsample}{}{}
%    Here are some multi-line listings inside a paragraph.
%    The `boxpos' key controls their vertical alignment:
%    \hbox{\begin{lstlisting}[boxpos=c]
%    center
%    center
%    \end{lstlisting}}
%    \hbox{\begin{lstlisting}[boxpos=b]
%    bottom baseline
%    bottom baseline
%    \end{lstlisting}}
%    \hbox{\begin{lstlisting}[boxpos=t]
%    top baseline
%    top baseline
%    \end{lstlisting}}
% \end{lstsample}
%\fi
%
%
% \subsection{Indexing}\label{uIndexing}
%
% is just like emphasizing identifiers---I mean the usage:
% \begin{lstxsample}[index]
%    \lstset{index={square},index={[2]root}}
% \end{lstxsample}
% \begin{lstsample}{}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        j:=square(root(i));
%    end;
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% Of course, you can't see anything here. You will have to look at the index.
% \begin{advise}
% \item Why the `\ikeyname{index}' key is able to work with multiple identifier
%       lists?
%       \advisespace
%       This question is strongly related to the `{\rstyle\ikeyname{indexstyle}}'
%       key. Someone might want to create multiple indexes or want to insert
%       prefixes like `|constants|', `|functions|', `|keywords|', and so on.
%       The `\ikeyname{indexstyle}' key works like the other style keys except
%       that the last token \emph{must} take an argument, namely the
%       (printable form of the) current identifier.
%
%       You can define `|\newcommand\indexkeywords[1]{\index{keywords, #1}}|'
%       and make similar definitions for constant or function names. Then
%       `|indexstyle=[1]\indexkeywords|' might meet your purpose. This becomes
%       easier if you want to create multiple indexes with the
%       \packagename{index} package
% (\href{ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/camel}
%       {CTAN/macros/latex/contrib/supported/camel}).
%       If you have defined appropriate new indexes, it is possible to write
%       `|indexstyle=\index[keywords]|', for example.
%
% \item Let's say, I want to index all keywords. It would be annoying to
%       type in all the keywords again, specifically if the used programming
%       language changes frequently.
%       \advisespace
%       Just read ahead.
% \end{advise}
% The \ikeyname{index} key has in fact two optional arguments. The first is the
% well-known \meta{class number}, the second is a comma separated list of other
% keyword classes whose identifiers are indexed. The indexed identifiers then
% change automatically with the defined keywords---not automagically, it's not
% an illusion.^^A :-)
%
% Eventually you need to know the names of the keyword classes. It's usually
% the key name followed by a class number, for example, |emph2|, |emph3|,
% \ldots, |keywords2| or |index5|. But there is no number for the first order
% classes |keywords|, |emph|, |directives|, and so on.
% \begin{advise}
% \item `|index=[keywords]|' does not work.
%       \advisespace
%       The package can't guess which optional argument you mean. Hence you
%       must specify both if you want to use the second one. You should try
%       `|index=[1][keywords]|'.
% \end{advise}
%
%
% \subsection{Fixed and flexible columns}\label{uFixedAndFlexibleColumns}
%
% The first thing a reader notices---except different styles for keywords,
% etc.---is the column alignment. Arne John Glenstrup invented the flexible
% column format in 1997. Since then some efforts were made to develop this
% branch farther. Currently three column formats are provided: fixed, flexible,
% and full flexible. Take a close look at the following examples.
% \begin{center}
% \lstset{style={},language={}}
% \def\sample{\begin{lstlisting}^^J WOMEN\ \ are^^A
%                               ^^J \ \ \ \ \ \ \ MEN^^A
%                               ^^J WOMEN are^^A
%                               ^^J better MEN^^J \end{lstlisting}}
% \begin{tabular}{@{}c@{\qquad\quad}c@{\qquad\quad}c@{\qquad\quad}c@{}}
% {\rstyle\ikeyname{columns}}|=| & \texttt{fixed} & \texttt{flexible} & \texttt{fullflexible}\\
%          & (at {\makeatletter\lst@widthfixed})
%          & (at {\makeatletter\lst@widthflexible})
%          & (at {\makeatletter\lst@widthflexible})\\
% \noalign{\medskip}
%   \lstset{basicstyle=\ttfamily,basewidth=0.51em}\sample
% & \lstset{columns=fixed}\sample
% & \lstset{columns=flexible}\sample
% & \lstset{columns=fullflexible}\sample
% \end{tabular}
% \end{center}
% \begin{advise}
% \item Why are women better men?
%       \advisespace
%       Do you want to philosophize? Well, have I ever said that the
%       statement ``women are better men'' is true? I can't even remember this
%       about ``women are men'' \ldots ^^A ;-))
% \end{advise}
% In the abstract one can say: The fixed column format ruins the spacing
% intended by the font designer, while the flexible formats ruin the column
% alignment (possibly) intended by the programmer. Common to all is that the
% input characters are translated into a sequence of basic output units like
% \begingroup \lstset{gobble=6,xleftmargin=\leftmargini}
% \makeatletter
%^^A  Make \fbox around each output unit.
% \fboxsep=0pt
% \def\lst@alloverstyle#1{\fbox{\kern-\fboxrule\strut#1}\kern-\fboxrule}
% \begin{lstlisting}[basewidth=1em]
%     if x=y then write('align')
%            else print('align');
% \end{lstlisting}
% Now, the fixed format puts $n$ characters into a box of width $n\times{}
% $`base width', where the base width is {\makeatletter\lst@widthfixed} in the
% example. The format shrinks and stretches the space between the characters
% to make them fit the box. As shown in the example, some character strings look
%    \hbox to 2em{b\hss a\hss d}
% or
%    \hbox to 2em{w\hss o\hss r\hss s\hss e},
% but the output is vertically aligned.
% \endgroup
%
% If you don't need or like this, you should use a flexible format. All
% characters are typeset at their natural width. In particular, they never
% overlap. If a word requires more space than reserved, the rest of the line
% simply moves to the right. The difference between the two formats is that the
% full flexible format cares about nothing else and the normal flexible format
% tries to fix the column alignment if a character string needs less space
% than `reserved'. In the flexible example above, the two MENs are vertically
% aligned since some space has been inserted in the fourth line to fix the
% alignment. In the full flexible format, the two MENs are not aligned.
%
% Note that both flexible modes printed the two blanks in the first line as a
% single blank, but for different reasons: the normal flexible format fixes
% the column alignment and the full flexible format doesn't care about the
% second space.
%
%
% \section{Advanced techniques}\label{uAdvancedTechniques}
%
%
% \subsection{Style definitions}
%
% It is obvious that a pretty-printing tool like this requires some kind of
% language selection and definition. The first has already been described and
% the latter is convered by the next section. However, it is very convenient
% to have the same for printing styles: at a central place of your document
% they can be modified easily and the changes take effect on all listings.
%
% Similar to languages,
%    {\rstyle\ikeyname{style}}|=|\meta{style name}
% activates a previously defined style. A definition is as easy:
%    {\rstyle|\lstdefinestyle|}\marg{style name}\marg{key=value list}.
% Keys not used in such a definition are untouched by the corresponding style
% selection, of course. For example, you could write
% \begin{verbatim}
%   \lstdefinestyle{numbers}
%       {numbers=left, stepnumber=1, numberstyle=\tiny, numbersep=10pt}
%   \lstdefinestyle{nonumbers}
%       {numbers=none}\end{verbatim}
% and switch from listings with line numbers to listings without ones and vice
% versa simply by |style=nonumbers| and |style=numbers|, respectively.
% \begin{advise}
% \item You could even write
%           `|\lstdefinestyle{C++}{language=C++,style=numbers}|'.
%       Style and language names are independent of each other and so might
%       coincide. Moreover it is possible to activate other styles.
%
% \item It's easy to crash the package using styles. Write
%       '|\lstdefinestyle{crash}{style=crash}|' and '|\lstset{style=crash}|'.
%       \TeX's capacity will exceed, sorry [parameter stack size]. Only bad
%       boys use such recursive calls, but only good girls use this package.
%       Thus the problem is of minor interest.^^A :-)
% \end{advise}
%
%
% \subsection{Language definitions}\label{uLanguageDefinitions}
%
% This is like style definitions except for an optional dialect name and an
% optional base language---and, of course, a different command name and
% specialized keys. In the simple case it's
%    {\rstyle|\lstdefinelanguage|}\marg{language name}\marg{key=value list}.
% For many programming languages it is sufficient to specify keywords and
% standard function names, comments, and strings. Let's look at an example.
% \begin{lstxsample}[morekeywords,sensitive,morecomment,morestring]
%    \lstdefinelanguage{rock}
%      {morekeywords={one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,
%          nine,ten,eleven,twelve,o,clock,rock,around,the,tonight},
%       sensitive=false,
%       morecomment=[l]{//},
%       morecomment=[s]{/*}{*/},
%       morestring=[b]",
%      }
% \end{lstxsample}
% \begingroup \csname lst@EndWriteFile\endcsname
% \bigbreak
%
% \noindent
% There isn't much to say about keywords. They are defined like identifiers
% you want to emphasize. Additionally you need to specify whether they are
% case sensitive or not. And yes: you could insert |[2]| in front of the
% keyword \texttt{one} to define the keywords as `second order' and print them
% in |keywordstyle={[2]...}|.
% \begin{advise}
% \item I get a `\texttt{Missing = inserted for }|\ifnum|' error when I select
%       my language.
%       \advisespace
%       Did you forget the comma after `|keywords={...}|'? And if you encounter
%       unexpected characters after selecting a language (or style), you have
%       probably forgotten a different comma or you have given to many
%       arguments to a key, for example, |morecomment=[l]{--}{!}|.
% \end{advise}
%
% So let's turn to comments and strings. Each value starts with a
% \emph{mandatory} \oarg{type} argument followed by a changing number of
% opening and closing delimiters. Note that each delimiter (pair) requires a
% key=value on its own, even if types are equal. Hence, you'll need to insert
% \texttt{morestring=[b]'} if single quotes open and close string or character
% literals in the same way as double quotes do in the example.
%
% Eventually you need to know the types and their numbers of delimiters. The
% reference guide contains full lists, here we discuss only the most common.
% For strings these are {\rstyle\texttt{b}} and {\rstyle\texttt{d}} with one
% delimiter each. This delimiter opens and closes the string and inside a
% string it is either escaped by a \texttt backslash or it is \texttt doubled.
% The comment type {\rstyle\texttt{l}} requires exactly one delimiter, which
% starts a comment on any column. This comment goes up to the end of line.
% The other two most common comment types are {\rstyle\texttt{s}} and
% {\rstyle\texttt{n}} with two delimiters each. The first delimiter opens a
% comment which is terminated by the second delimiter. In contrast to the
% \texttt s-type, \texttt n-type comments can be nested.
% \begin{lstxsample}[b,d,l,s,n]
%    \lstset{morecomment=[l]{//},
%            morecomment=[s]{/*}{*/},
%            morecomment=[n]{(*}{*)},
%            morestring=[b]",
%            morestring=[d]'}
% \end{lstxsample}
% \begin{lstsample}{}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    "str\"ing "    not a string
%    'str''ing '    not a string
%    // comment line
%    /* comment/**/ not a comment
%    (* nested (**) still comment
%       comment  *) not a comment
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% \begin{advise}
% \item Is it \emph{that} easy?
%       \advisespace
%       Almost. There are some troubles you can run into. For example, if
%       `\texttt{-*}' starts a comment line and `\texttt{-*-}' a string
%       (unlikely but possible), then you must define the shorter delimiter
%       first.
%       Another problem: by default some characters are not allowed inside
%       keywords, for example `\texttt{-}', `\texttt{:}', `\texttt{.}', and
%       so on. The reference guide covers this problem by introducing some
%       more keys, which let you adjust the standard character table
%       appropriately. But note that white space characters are prohibited
%       inside keywords.
% \end{advise}
% Finally remember that this section is only an introduction to language
% definitions. There are more keys and possibilities.
%
%
% \subsection{Delimiters}\label{uDelimiters}
%
% You already know two special delimiter classes: comments and strings.
% However, their full syntax hasn't been described so far. For example,
% \ikeyname{commentstyle} applies to all comments---except you specify
% something different. The \emph{optional} \oarg{style} argument follows the
% \emph{mandatory} \oarg{type} argument.
%\ifcolor
% \begin{lstxsample}
%    \lstset{morecomment=[l][keywordstyle]{//},
%            morecomment=[s][\color{white}]{/*}{*/}}
% \end{lstxsample}
%\else
% \begin{lstxsample}
%    \lstset{morecomment=[l][keywordstyle]{//},
%            morecomment=[s][\underbar]{/*}{*/}}
% \end{lstxsample}
%\fi
% \begin{lstsample}{}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    // bold comment line
%    a single /* comment */
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% As you can see, you have the choice between specifying the style explicitly
% by \LaTeX\ commands or implicitly by other style keys. But, you're right,
% some implicitly defined styles have no seperate keys, for example the second
% order keyword style. Here---and never with the number 1---you just append
% the order to the base key: \texttt{keywordstyle2}.
%
% You ask for an application? Here you are: one can define different printing
% styles for `subtypes' of a comment, for example
%\ifcolor
% \begin{lstxsample}
%    \lstset{morecomment=[s][\color{blue}]{/*+}{*/},
%            morecomment=[s][\color{red}]{/*-}{*/}}
% \end{lstxsample}
%\else
% \begin{lstxsample}
%    \lstset{morecomment=[s][\upshape]{/*+}{*/},
%            morecomment=[s][\bfseries]{/*-}{*/}}
% \end{lstxsample}
%\fi
% \begin{lstsample}{\lstset{morecomment=[s]{/*}{*/}}}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    /*  normal comment */
%    /*+    keep cool   */
%    /*-     danger!    */
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% Here, the comment style is not applied to the second and third line.
% \begin{advise}
% \item Please remember that both `extra' comments must be defined \emph{after}
%       the normal comment, since the delimiter `\texttt{/*}' is a substring of
%       `\texttt{/*+}' and `\texttt{/*-}'.
%
% \item I have another question. Is `\texttt{language=}\meta{different
%       language}' the only way to remove such additional delimiters?
%       \advisespace
%       Call {\rstyle\ikeyname{deletecomment}} and/or
%       {\rstyle\ikeyname{deletestring}} with the same arguments to remove
%       the delimiters (but you don't need to provide the optional style
%       argument).
% \end{advise}
% Eventually, you might want to use the prefix \texttt{i} on any comment type.
% Then the comment is not only invisible, it is completely discarded from the
% output!
% \begin{lstxsample}[is]
%    \lstset{morecomment=[is]{/*}{*/}}
% \end{lstxsample}
% \begin{lstsample}{}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    begin /* comment */ end
%    begin/* comment */end
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
%
% Okay, and now for the real challenges. More general delimiters can be defined
% by the key {\rstyle\ikeyname{moredelim}}. Legal types are {\rstyle\texttt{l}}
% and {\rstyle\texttt{s}}. These types can be preceded by an \texttt{i}, but
% this time \emph{only the delimiters} are discarded from the output. This way
% you can select styles by markers.
% \begin{lstxsample}
%    \lstset{moredelim=[is][\ttfamily]{|}{|}}
% \end{lstxsample}
% \begin{lstsample}{}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    roman |typewriter|
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% You can even let the package detect keywords, comments, strings, and other
% delimiters inside the contents.
% \begin{lstxsample}
%    \lstset{moredelim=*[s][\itshape]{/*}{*/}}
% \end{lstxsample}
% \begin{lstsample}{}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    /* begin
%      (* comment *)
%       ' string ' */
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% Moreover, you can force the styles being applied cumulative.
% \begin{lstxsample}
%    \lstset{moredelim=**[is][\ttfamily]{|}{|}, % cumulative
%            moredelim=*[s][\itshape]{/*}{*/}}  % not so
% \end{lstxsample}
% \begin{lstsample}{}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    /* begin
%       ' string '
%       |typewriter| */
%
%    | begin
%     ' string '
%     /*typewriter*/ |
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% Look carefully at the output and note the differences. The second
% \texttt{begin} is not printed in bold typewriter type since standard
% \LaTeX\ has no such font.
%
% This suffices for an introduction. Now go and find some more applications.
%
%
% \subsection{Closing and credits}\label{uClosingAndCredits}
%
% You've seen a lot of keys but you are far away from knowing all of them.
% The next step is the real use of the \packagename{listings} package.
% Please take the following advices. Firstly, look up the known commands and
% keys in the reference guide to get a notion of the notation there. Secondly,
% poke about around these keys to learn some other parameters. Then, hopefully,
% you'll be prepared if you encounter any problems or need some special things.
%
% \begin{advise}
% \item
% There is one question `you' haven't asked all the last pages: who is to
% blame. The author has written the guides, coded the \packagename{listings}
% package and some language drivers. Other people defined more languages or
% contributed their ideas; many others made bug reports, but only the first
% bug finder is listed.
%^^A
%^^A Thanks for error reports (first bug finder only), new programming
%^^A languages, etc.
%^^A Special thanks for communication which lead to kernel extensions.
%^^A
% Special thanks go to (alphabetical order)
% \begin{quote}
% \hyphenpenalty=10000\relax \rightskip=0pt plus \linewidth
%   \lstthanks{Andreas~Bartelt}{Andreas.Bartelt@Informatik.Uni-Oldenburg.DE},
%   \lstthanks{Jan~Braun}{Jan.Braun@tu-bs.de},
%   \lstthanks{Denis~Girou}{Denis.Girou@idris.fr},
%   \lstthanks{Arne~John~Glenstrup}{panic@diku.dk},
%   \lstthanks{Frank~Mittelbach}{frank.mittelbach@latex-project.org},
%   \lstthanks{Rolf~Niepraschk}{niepraschk@PTB.DE},
%   \lstthanks{Rui~Oliveira}{rco@di.uminho.pt},
%   \lstthanks{Jens~Schwarzer}{schwarzer@schwarzer.dk}, and
%   \lstthanks{Boris~Veytsman}{boris@plmsc.psu.edu}.
% \end{quote}
% Moreover I wish to thank
% \begin{quote}
% \hyphenpenalty=10000\relax \rightskip=0pt plus \linewidth
%   \lstthanks{Bj{\o}rn~{\AA}dlandsvik}{bjorn@imr.no},
%   \lstthanks{Gaurav~Aggarwal}{gaurav@ics.uci.edu},
%   \lstthanks{Jason~Alexander}{jalex@ea.oac.uci.edu},
%   \lstthanks{Donald~Arseneau}{ASND@erich.triumf.ca},
%   \lstthanks{Claus~Atzenbeck}{Claus.Atzenbeck@stud.uni-regensburg.de},
%   \lstthanks{Peter~Bartke}{bartke@inf.fu-berlin.de} (big thankyou), ^^A beta tester
%   \lstthanks{Oliver~Baum}{oli.baum@web.de},
%   \lstthanks{Ralph~Becket}{rbeck@microsoft.com},
%   \lstthanks{Olaf~Trygve~Berglihn}{olafb@pvv.org}, ^^A {1999/11/29}{3-char comment delimiter don't work (Python)}
%   \lstthanks{Geraint~Paul~Bevan}{geraint@users.sf.net},
%   \lstthanks{Peter~Biechele}{peter.biechele@physik.uni-freiburg.de},
%   \lstthanks{Kai~Below}{below@tu-harburg.de},
%   \lstthanks{Beat~Birkhofer}{beat@birkhofer.ch},
%   \lstthanks{Fr\'ed\'eric~Boulanger}{Frederic.Boulanger@supelec.fr},
%   \lstthanks{Martin~Brodbeck}{Martin.Brodbeck@gmx.de},
%   \lstthanks{Walter~E.~Brown}{WB@fnal.gov},
%   \lstthanks{Achim~D.~Brucker}{brucker@informatik.uni-freiburg.de},
%   \lstthanks{David~Carlisle}{davidc@nag.co.uk},
%   \lstthanks{Bradford~Chamberlain}{brad@cs.washington.edu},
%   \lstthanks{Patrick~Cousot}{Patrick.Cousot@wanadoo.fr},
%   \lstthanks{Xavier~Cr\'egut}{cregut@enseeiht.fr},
%   \lstthanks{Holger~Danielsson}{dani@fbg.schwerte.de},
%   \lstthanks{Andreas~Deininger}{deininger@uni-kassel.de},
%   \lstthanks{Robert~Denham}{Robert.Denham@dnr.qld.gov.au},
%   \lstthanks{Detlev~Dr\"oge}{droege@informatik.uni-koblenz.de},
%   \lstthanks{Anders~Edenbrandt}{Anders.Edenbrandt@dna.lth.se},
%   \lstthanks{Mark~van~Eijk}{mark@luon.net},
%   \lstthanks{Norbert~Eisinger}{Norbert.Eisinger@informatik.uni-muenchen.de},
%   \lstthanks{Thomas~Esser}{te@dbs.uni-hannover.de},
%   \lstthanks{Chris~Edwards}{edwch00p@infoscience.otago.ac.nz},
%   \lstthanks{David~John~Evans}{Matrix.Software@dial.pipex.com},
%   \lstthanks{Robert~Frank}{rf7@ukc.ac.uk},
%   \lstthanks{Daniel~Gazard}{gazard_d@epita.fr},
%   \lstthanks{Daniel~Gerigk}{Daniel.Gerigk@ePost.de},
%   \lstthanks{KP~Gores}{kp.gores@web.de},
%   \lstthanks{Adam~Grabowski}{adam@mizar.org},
%   \lstthanks{Jean-Philippe~Grivet}{grivet@cnrs-orleans.fr},
%   \lstthanks{Christian~Gudrian}{Christian.Gudrian@kawo1.rwth-aachen.de},
%   \lstthanks{Jonathan~de~Halleux}{dehalleux@auto.ucl.ac.be},
%   \lstthanks{Carsten~Hamm}{carsten.hamm@siemens.com},
%   \lstthanks{Martina~Hansel}{Martina.Hansel@fhtw-berlin.de},
%   \lstthanks{Harald~Harders}{h.harders@tu-bs.de},
%   \lstthanks{Christian~Haul}{haul@dvs1.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de},
%   \lstthanks{Aidan~Philip~Heerdegen}{Aidan.Heerdegen@anu.edu.au},
%   \lstthanks{Jim~Hefferon}{Hefferon9@aol.com},
%   \lstthanks{Heiko~Heil}{info@heiko-heil.de},
%   \lstthanks{J\"urgen~Heim}{heim@astro.uni-tuebingen.de},
%   \lstthanks{Alvaro~Herrera}{alvherre@dcc.uchile.cl},
%   \lstthanks{Dr.~Jobst~Hoffmann}{HOFFMANN@rz.rwth-aachen.de},
%   \lstthanks{Torben~Hoffmann}{toho@it.dtu.dk},
%   \lstthanks{Richard~Hoefter}{hoefter@gmx.de},
%   \lstthanks{Berthold~H\"ollmann}{bhoel@starship.python.net},
%   \lstthanks{Hermann~H\"uttler}{hermann.huettler@gmx.net},
%   \lstthanks{Ralf~Imh\"auser}{snoopy@tribal.line.org},
%   \lstthanks{R.~Isernhagen}{R.Isernhagen@FH-Wolfenbuettel.DE},
%   \lstthanks{Oldrich~Jedlicka}{ojedlick@students.zcu.cz},
%   \lstthanks{Dirk~Jesko}{jesko@iti.cs.uni-magdeburg.de},
%   \lstthanks{Christian~Kaiser}{chk@combit.net},
%   \lstthanks{Marcin~Kasperski}{Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl},
%   \lstthanks{Christian~Kindinger}{chkind@uni-wuppertal.de},
%   \lstthanks{Steffen~Klupsch}{steffen@vlsi.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de},
%   \lstthanks{Peter~K\"oller}{pkoeller@metaprojekt.de} (big thankyou), ^^A beta tester
%   \lstthanks{Stefan~Lagotzki}{info@lagotzki.de},
%   \lstthanks{Rene~H.~Larsen}{rhl@traceroute.dk},
%   \lstthanks{Olivier~Lecarme}{ol@i3s.unice.fr},
%   \lstthanks{Thomas~Leduc}{Thomas.Leduc@lsv.ens-cachan.fr},
%   \lstthanks{Dr.~Peter~Leibner}{Peter.Leibner@sta.siemens.de},
%   \lstthanks{Thomas~Leonhardt}{leonhardt@informatik.tu-darmstadt.de} (big thankyou), ^^A beta tester
%   \lstthanks{Magnus~Lewis-Smith}{Magnus.Lewis-Smith@pace.co.uk},
%   \lstthanks{Knut~Lickert}{knut.lickert@gmx.de},
%   \lstthanks{Dan~Luecking}{luecking@uark.edu},
%   \lstthanks{Kris~Luyten}{no email available},
%   \lstthanks{Jos\'e~Romildo~Malaquias}{romildo@urano.iceb.ufop.br},
%   \lstthanks{Andreas~Matthias}{amat@kabsi.at},
%   \lstthanks{Knut~M\"uller}{knut@physik3.gwdg.de},
%   \lstthanks{Svend~Tollak~Munkejord}{svendm@efisms.energy.sintef.no},
%   \lstthanks{Gerd~Neugebauer}{gerd.neugebauer@gmx.de},
%   \lstthanks{Torsten~Neuer}{tneuer@inwise.de},
%   \lstthanks{Michael~Niedermair}{m.g.n@gmx.de},
%   \lstthanks{Heiko~Oberdiek}{oberdiek@ruf.uni-freiburg.de},
%   \lstthanks{Markus~Pahlow}{pahlowm@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca},
%   \lstthanks{Zvezdan~V.~Petkovic}{zpetkovic@acm.org},
%   \lstthanks{Michael~Piefel}{piefel@informatik.hu-berlin.de},
%   \lstthanks{Michael~Piotrowski}{mxp@linguistik.uni-erlangen.de},
%   \lstthanks{Manfred~Piringer}{sz0490@rrze.uni-erlangen.de},
%   \lstthanks{Vincent~Poirriez}{Vincent.Poirriez@univ-valenciennes.fr},
%   \lstthanks{Adam~Prugel-Bennett}{apb@ecs.soton.ac.uk},
%   \lstthanks{Ralf~Quast}{rquast@hs.uni-hamburg.de},
%   \lstthanks{Aslak~Raanes}{araanes@ifi.ntnu.no},
%   \lstthanks{Venkatesh~Prasad~Ranganath}{vranganath@cox.net},
%   \lstthanks{Georg~Rehm}{Georg.Rehm@germanistik.uni-giessen.de},
%   \lstthanks{Fermin~Reig}{reig@ics.uci.edu},
%   \lstthanks{Detlef~Reimers}{dreimers@aol.com},
%   \lstthanks{Stephen~Reindl}{stephen.reindl@vodafone.com},
%   \lstthanks{Peter~Ruckdeschel}{Peter.Ruckdeschel@uni-bayreuth.de},
%   \lstthanks{Magne~Rudshaug}{magne@ife.no},
%   \lstthanks{Vespe~Savikko}{vespe@cs.tut.fi},
%   \lstthanks{Gunther~Schmidl}{gschmidl@gmx.at},
%   \lstthanks{Walter~Schmidt}{wschmi@arcor.de},
%   \lstthanks{Jochen~Schneider}{jschneider@ds3.etech.haw-hamburg.de},
%   \lstthanks{Benjamin~Schubert}{benjamin.schubert@berlin.de},
%   \lstthanks{Uwe~Siart}{uwe.siart@ei.tum.de},
%   \lstthanks{Richard~Stallman}{no address},
%   \lstthanks{Martin~Steffen}{ms@informatik.uni-kiel.de},
%   \lstthanks{Andreas~Stephan}{Andreas.Stephan@victoria.de},
%   \lstthanks{Stefan~Stoll}{stoll@phys.chem.ethz.ch},
%   \lstthanks{Enrico~Straube}{no email available},
%   \lstthanks{Martin~S\"u\ss kraut}{Edon.Myder@web.de},
%   \lstthanks{Gabriel~Tauro}{gabriel@informatik.uni-jena.de},
%   \lstthanks{Winfried~Theis}{theis@statistik.uni-dortmund.de},
%   \lstthanks{Jens~T.~Berger~Thielemann}{jensthi@ifi.uio.no},
%   \lstthanks{Arnaud~Tisserand}{arnaud.tisserand@ens-lyon.fr},
%   \lstthanks{Kalle~Tuulos}{kalle.tuulos@nic.fi},
%   \lstthanks{Gregory~Van~Vooren}{Gregory.VanVooren@rug.ac.be},
%   \lstthanks{Thorsten~Vitt}{vitt@informatik.hu-berlin.de},
%   \lstthanks{Herbert~Voss}{voss@perce.de} (big thankyou), ^^A beta tester
%   \lstthanks{Herfried~Karl~Wagner}{hirf@gmx.at},
%   \lstthanks{Dominique~de~Waleffe}{ddw@miscrit.be},
%   \lstthanks{Michael~Weber}{mweber@informatik.hu-berlin.de},
%   \lstthanks{Sonja~Weidmann}{Sonja.Weidmann@gmx.de},
%   \lstthanks{Herbert~Weinhandl}{weinhand@grz08u.unileoben.ac.at},
%   \lstthanks{Robert~Wenner}{robert.wenner@gmx.de},
%   \lstthanks{Michael~Wiese}{wiese@itwm.uni-kl.de},
%   \lstthanks{J\"orn~Wilms}{wilms@rocinante.colorado.edu},
%   \lstthanks{Kai~Wollenweber}{kai@ece.WPI.EDU},
%   \lstthanks{Ulrich~G.~Wortmann}{uliw@erdw.ethz.ch}, and
%   \lstthanks{Timothy~Van~Zandt}{tvz@econ.insead.edu}.
% \end{quote}
% There are probably other people who contributed to this package.
% If I've missed your name, send an email.
% \end{advise}
%
%
% \part{Reference guide}
%
%
% \section{Main reference}\label{rMainReference}
%
% Your first training is completed. Now that you've left the User's guide, the
% friend telling you what to do has gone. Get more practice and become a
% journeyman!^^A :-)
% \begin{advise}
% \item Actually, the friend hasn't gone. There are still some advices, but
%       only from time to time.
% \end{advise}
%
%
% \subsection{How to read the reference}
%
% Commands, keys and environments are presented as follows.
% \begin{syntax}
% \item[1.0,default,hints] \texttt{command}, \texttt{environment} or
%       \keyname{key} with \meta{parameters}
%
%       This field contains the explanation; here we describe the other fields.
%
%       If present, the label in the left margin provides extra information:
%       `\textit{addon}' indicates additionally introduced functionality,
%       `\textit{changed}' a modified key, `\textit{data}' a command just
%       containing data (which is therefore adjustable via |\renewcommand|),
%       and so on. Some keys and functionality are `\emph{bug}'-marked or
%       with a \dag-sign. These features might change in future or could be
%       removed, so use them with care.
%
%       If there is verbatim text touching the right margin, it is the
%       predefined value. Note that some keys default to this value every
%       listing, namely the keys which can be used on individual listings only.
%
%       The label in the right margin is the current version number and marks
%       newly introduced features.
% \end{syntax}
% Regarding the parameters, please keep in mind the following:
% \begin{enumerate}
% \item A list always means a comma separated list. You must put braces around
%       such a list. Otherwise you'll get in trouble with the
%       \packagename{keyval} package; it complains about an undefined key.
% \item You must put parameter braces around the whole value of a key if you
%       use an \oarg{optional argument} of a key inside an optional
%       \oarg{key=value list}:
%       |\begin{lstlisting}[caption=|{\rstyle|{|}|[one]two|{\rstyle|}|}|]|.
% \item Brackets `|[ ]|' usually enclose optional arguments and must be typed
%       in verbatim. Normal brackets `[ ]' always indicate an optional argument
%       and must not be typed in. Thus |[*]| must be typed in exactly as is,
%       but [|*|] just gets |*| if you use this argument.
% \item A vertical rule indicates an alternative, e.g.~^^A
%       \meta{\alternative{true,false}} allows either \texttt{true} or
%       \texttt{false} as arguments.
% \item If you want to enter one of the special characters |{}#%\|, this
%       character must be escaped with a backslash. This means that you must
%       write |\}| for the single character `right brace'---but of course not
%       for the closing paramater character.
% \end{enumerate}
%
%
% \subsection{Typesetting listings}\label{rTypesettingListings}
%
% \begin{syntax}
% \item[0.19] \rcmdname\lstset\marg{key=value list}
%
%       sets the values of the specified keys, see also section
%       \ref{uTheKey=ValueInterface}.
%       The parameters keep their values up to the end of the current group.
%       In opposition, all optional \meta{key=value list}s below modify the
%       parameters for single listings only.
%
% \item[0.18] \rcmdname\lstinline\oarg{key=value list}\meta{character}\meta{source code}\meta{same character}
%
%       works like |\verb| but respects the active language and style. These
%       listings use flexible columns except requested differently in the
%       optional argument. You can write `|\lstinline!var i:integer;!|' and
%       get `\lstinline!var i:integer;!'.
%
%       Since the command first looks ahead for an optional argument, you must
%       provide at least an empty one if you want to use |[| as
%       \meta{character}.
%
%       \dag\ An experimental implementation has been done to support the
%       syntax |\lstinline|\oarg{key=value list}\marg{source code}. Try it if
%       you want and report success and failure. A known limitation is that
%       inside another argument the last source code token must not be an
%       explicit space token---and, of course, using a listing inside another
%       argument is itself experimental, see section \ref{rListingsInsideArguments}.
%
% \item[0.15] |\begin{|\texttt{\rstyle lstlisting}|}|\oarg{key=value list}
%
%       \leavevmode\hspace*{-\leftmargini}|\end{|\texttt{\rstyle lstlisting}|}|
%
%       typesets the code in between as a displayed listing.
%
%       In contrast to the environment of the \packagename{verbatim} package,
%       \LaTeX\ code on the same line and after the end of environment is
%       typeset respectively executed.
%
% \item[0.1] \rcmdname\lstinputlisting\oarg{key=value list}\marg{file name}
%
%       typesets the stand alone source code file as a displayed listing.
% \end{syntax}
%
%
% \subsection{Space and placement}
%
% \begin{syntax}
% \item[0.20,floatplacement] \rkeyname{float}|=|[|*|]\meta{subset of \textup{\texttt{tbph}}}\syntaxor\rkeyname{float}
%
%       makes sense on individual displayed listings only and lets them float.
%       The argument controls where \LaTeX\ is \emph{allowed} to put the float:
%       at the top or bottom of the current/next page, on a separate page, or
%       here where the listing is.
%
%       The optional star can be used to get a double-column float in a
%       two-column document.
%
% \item[0.21,tbp] \rkeyname{floatplacement}|=|\meta{place specifiers}
%
%       is used as place specifier if \keyname{float} is used without value.
%
% \item[0.21,\medskipamount] \rkeyname{aboveskip}|=|\meta{dimension}
% \item[0.21,\medskipamount] \rkeyname{belowskip}|=|\meta{dimension}
%
%       define the space above and below displayed listings.
%
% \item[0.17,0pt,\dag] \rkeyname{lineskip}|=|\meta{dimension}
%
%       specifies additional space between lines in listings.
%
% \item[0.18,c,\dag] \rkeyname{boxpos}|=|\meta{\alternative{b,c,t}}
%
%       Sometimes the \packagename{listings} package puts a |\hbox| around a
%       listing---or it couldn't be printed or even processed correctly.
%       The key determines the vertical alignment to the surrounding material:
%       bottom baseline, centered or top baseline.
% \end{syntax}
%
%
% \subsection{The printed range}
%
% \begin{syntax}
% \item[0.12,true] \rkeyname{print}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}\syntaxor\rkeyname{print}
%
%       controls whether an individual displayed listing is typeset. Even if
%       set false, the respective caption is printed and the label is defined.
%
%       Note: If the package is loaded without the \texttt{draft} option, you
%       can use this key together with |\lstset|. In the other case the key
%       can only be used to typeset particular listings despite of the
%       \texttt{draft} option.
%
% \item[0.1,1] \rkeyname{firstline}|=|\meta{number}
% \item[0.1,9999999] \rkeyname{lastline}|=|\meta{number}
%
%       can be used on individual listings only. They determine the physical
%       input lines used to print displayed listings.
%
% \item[0.20,false] \rkeyname{showlines}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}\syntaxor\rkeyname{showlines}
%
%       If true, the package prints empty lines at the end of listings.
%       Otherwise these lines are dropped (but they count for line numbering).
%
% \item[1.0] \rkeyname{emptylines}|=|[|*|]\meta{number}
%
%       sets the maximum of empty lines allowed. If there is a block of more
%       than \meta{number} empty lines, only \meta{number} ones are printed.
%       Without the optional star, line numbers can be disturb when blank
%       lines are omitted; with the star, the lines keep their original
%       numbers.
%
% \item[0.19,0] \rkeyname{gobble}|=|\meta{number}
%
%       gobbles \meta{number} characters at the beginning of each
%       \emph{environment} code line. This key has no effect on \cs{lstinline}
%       or \cs{lstinputlisting}.
%
%       Tabulators expand to \ikeyname{tabsize} spaces before they are gobbled.
%       Code lines with less than \ikeyname{gobble} characters are considered
%       empty, but never indent the end of environment by more characters.
% \end{syntax}
%
%
% \subsection{Languages and styles}\label{rLanguagesAndStyles}
%
% Please note that the arguments \meta{language}, \meta{dialect}, and
% \meta{style name} are case insensitive and that spaces have no effect.
% \begin{syntax}
% \item[0.18,{{}}] \rkeyname{style}|=|\meta{style name}
%
%       activates the key=value list stored with |\lstdefinestyle|.
%
% \item[0.19] \rcmdname\lstdefinestyle\marg{style name}\marg{key=value list}
%
%       stores the key=value list.
%
% \item[0.17,{{}}] \rkeyname{language}|=|\oarg{dialect}\meta{language}
%
%       activates a (dialect of a) programming language. The `empty' default
%       language detects no keywords, no comments, no strings, and so on.
%       Without specifying \meta{dialect}, the package chooses a default
%       dialect.
%
%       Table \ref{uPredefinedLanguages} on page \pageref{uPredefinedLanguages}
%       lists all languages and dialects provided by \texttt{lstdrvrs.dtx}.
%       The predefined default dialects are underlined.
%
% \item[0.21] \rkeyname{alsolanguage}|=|\oarg{dialect}\meta{language}
%
%       selects the (dialect of a) programming language additionally to the
%       current active one. Note that some language definitions interfere with
%       each other and are plainly incompatible.
%
%       Take a look at the \ikeyname{classoffset} key in section
%       \ref{rFigureOutTheAppearance} if you want to highlight the keywords
%       of the languages differently.
%
% \item[0.19] \rkeyname{defaultdialect}|=|\oarg{dialect}\meta{language}
%
%       defines \meta{dialect} as default dialect for \meta{language}.
%       If you have defined a default dialect other than empty, for example
%       |defaultdialect=[iama]fool|, you can't select the empty dialect, even
%       not with |language=[]fool|.
% \end{syntax}
%
% Eventually here's a small list of language specific keys.
% \begin{syntax}
% \item[0.19,false,optional] \rkeyname{printpod}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}
%
%       prints or drops PODs in Perl.
%
% \item[0.20,true,{renamed,optional}] \rkeyname{usekeywordsintag}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}\label{uoption:usekeywordsintag}
%
%       The package either use the first order keywords in tags or prints all
%       identifiers inside |<>| in keyword style.
%
% \item[1.1,{{}},optional] \rkeyname{tagstyle}|=|\meta{style}\label{uoption:tagstyle}
%
%       determines the style in which tags and their content is printed.
%
% \item[1.1,false,optional] \rkeyname{markfirstintag}|=|\meta{style}\label{uoption:markfirstintag}
%
%       prints the first name in tags with keyword style.
%
% \item[0.20,true,optional] \rkeyname{makemacrouse}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}
%
%       Make specific: Macro use of identifiers, which are defined as first
%       order keywords, also prints the surrounding |$(| and |)| in keyword
%       style. e.g.~you could get
%           \textbf{\textdollar(}\textbf{strip} \textdollar(BIBS)\textbf{)}.
%       If deactivated you get
%           \textdollar(\textbf{strip} \textdollar(BIBS)).
% \end{syntax}
%
%
% \subsection{Figure out the appearance}\label{rFigureOutTheAppearance}
%
% \begin{syntax}
% \item[0.18,{{}}] \rkeyname{basicstyle}|=|\meta{basic style}
%
%       is selected at the beginning of each listing. You could use
%       |\footnotesize|, |\small|, |\itshape|, |\ttfamily|, or something like
%       that. The last token of \meta{basic style} must not read any following
%       characters.
%
% \item[0.18,{{}}] \rkeyname{identifierstyle}|=|\meta{style}
% \item[0.11,\itshape] \rkeyname{commentstyle}|=|\meta{style}
% \item[0.12,{{}}] \rkeyname{stringstyle}|=|\meta{style}
%
%       determine the style for non-keywords, comments, and strings. The
%       \emph{last} token might be an one-parameter command like |\textbf| or
%       |\underbar|.
%
% \item[0.11,\bfseries] \rkeyname{keywordstyle}|=|\oarg{number}\meta{style}
% \item[0.19,keywordstyle] \rkeyname{ndkeywordstyle}|=|\meta{style}
%
%       are used to print keywords and second order keywords (if defined).
%       The optional \meta{number} argument is the class number to which the
%       style should be applied.
%       |ndkeywordstyle=...| is equivalent to |keywordstyle=[2]...|.
%
% \item[1.0,0] \rkeyname{classoffset}|=|\meta{number}
%
%       is added to all class numbers before the styles, keywords, identifiers,
%       etc.~are assigned. The example below defines the keywords directly;
%       you could do it indirectly by selection two different languages.
% \end{syntax}
%\ifcolor
% \begin{lstxsample}
%    \lstset{classoffset=0,
%            morekeywords={one,three,five},keywordstyle=\color{red},
%            classoffset=1,
%            morekeywords={two,four,six},keywordstyle=\color{blue},
%            classoffset=0}% restore default
% \end{lstxsample}
%\else
% \begin{lstxsample}
%    \lstset{classoffset=0,
%            morekeywords={one,three,five},keywordstyle=\itshape,
%            classoffset=1,
%            morekeywords={two,four,six},keywordstyle=\bfseries},
%            classoffset=0}% restore default
% \end{lstxsample}
%\fi
% \begin{lstsample}{}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    one two three
%    four five six
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
%
% \begin{syntax}
% \item[0.20,keywordstyle,optional] \rkeyname{texcsstyle}|=|\meta{style}
% \item[0.20,keywordstyle,optional] \rkeyname{directivestyle}|=|\meta{style}
%
%       determine the style of \TeX\ control sequences and directives.
%       Note that these key are present only if you've chosen an appropriate
%       language.
%
% \item[0.21] \rkeyname{emph}|=|\oarg{number}\marg{identifier list}
% \item[0.21] \rkeyname{moreemph}|=|\oarg{number}\marg{identifier list}
% \item[0.21] \rkeyname{deleteemph}|=|\oarg{number}\marg{identifier list}
% \item[0.21] \rkeyname{emphstyle}|=|\oarg{number}\marg{style}
%
%       define, add and remove the \meta{identifier list} from `emphasize
%       class \meta{number}' respectively define the style for that class.
%       If you don't give an optional argument, the package assumes
%       \meta{number}$\,=1$.
%
%       These keys are described more detailed in section
%       \ref{uEmphasizeIdentifiers}.
%
% \item[1.0] \rkeyname{delim}|=|[\texttt*[\texttt*]]\texttt[\meta{type}\texttt][\texttt[\meta{style}\texttt]]\meta{delimiter\textup(s\textup)}
% \item[1.0] \rkeyname{moredelim}|=|[\texttt*[\texttt*]]\texttt[\meta{type}\texttt][\texttt[\meta{style}\texttt]]\meta{delimiter\textup(s\textup)}
% \item[1.0] \rkeyname{deletedelim}|=|[\texttt*[\texttt*]]\texttt[\meta{type}\texttt]\meta{delimiter\textup(s\textup)}
%
%       deletes all previously defined delimiters (but neither strings nor
%       comments) and defines the user supplied delimiter, adds the specified
%       delimiter, or removes it.
%
%       In the first two cases \meta{style} is used to print the delimited
%       code (and the delimiters). Here, \meta{style} could be something like
%       |\bfseries| or |\itshape|, or it could refer to other styles via
%       \texttt{keywordstyle}, \texttt{keywordstyle2}, \texttt{emphstyle},
%       etc.
%
%       Supported types are \texttt{l} and \texttt{s}, see the comment keys in
%       section \ref{uLanguageDefinitions} for an explanation. If you use the
%       prefix \texttt i, i.e.~\texttt{il} or \texttt{is}, the delimiters are
%       not printed, which is some kind of invisibility.
%
%       If you use one optional star, the package will detect keywords,
%       comments, and strings inside the delimited code. With both optional
%       stars, aditionally the style is applied cumulative, see section
%       \ref{uDelimiters}.
% \end{syntax}
%
%
% \subsection{Getting all characters right}
%
% \begin{syntax}
% \item[0.18,false] \rkeyname{extendedchars}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}\syntaxor\rkeyname{extendedchars}
%
%       allows or prohibits extended characters in listings, that means
%       (national) characters of codes 128--255. If you use extended
%       characters, you should load \packagename{fontenc} and/or
%       \packagename{inputenc}, for example.
%
% \item[1.0,{{}}] \rkeyname{inputencoding}|=|\meta{encoding}
%
%       determines the input encoding. The usage of this key requires the
%       \packagename{inputenc} package; nothing happens if it's not loaded.
%
% \item[1.1,false] \rkeyname{upquote}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}\label{uoption:upquote}
%
%       determines whether the left and right quote are printed |`'| or
%       \texttt{\textasciigrave\textquotesingle}.
%       This key requires the \packagename{textcomp} package.
%
% \item[0.12,8] \rkeyname{tabsize}|=|\meta{number}
%
%       sets tabulator stops at columns $\meta{number}+1$, $2\cdot\meta{number}+1$, $3\cdot\meta{number}+1$, and so on.
%       Each tabulator in a listing moves the current column to the next
%       tabulator stop.
%
% \item[0.20,false] \rkeyname{showtabs}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}
%
%       make tabulators visible or invisible. A visible tabulator looks like
%       \lstinline[showtabs]!	!, but that can be changed. If you choose
%       invisible tabulators but visible spaces, tabulators are converted to
%       an appropriate number of spaces.
%
% \item[0.20] \rkeyname{tab}|=|\meta{tokens}
%
%       \meta{tokens} is used to print a visible tabulator. You might want to use |$\to$|, |$\mapsto$|, |$\dashv$| or something like that instead of the strange default definition.
%
% \item[0.20,false] \rkeyname{showspaces}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}
%
%       lets all blank spaces appear {\textvisiblespace} or as blank spaces.
%
% \item[0.12,true] \rkeyname{showstringspaces}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}
%
%       lets blank spaces in strings appear {\textvisiblespace} or as blank
%       spaces.
%
% \item[0.19,\bigbreak] \rkeyname{formfeed}|=|\meta{tokens}
%
%       Whenever a listing contains a form feed \meta{tokens} is executed.
% \end{syntax}
%
%
% \subsection{Line numbers}\label{rLineNumbers}
%
% \begin{syntax}
% \item[1.0,none] \rkeyname{numbers}|=|\meta{\alternative{none,left,right}}
%
%       makes the package either print no line numbers, or put them on the
%       left or the right side of a listing.
%
% \item[0.16,1] \rkeyname{stepnumber}|=|\meta{number}
%
%       All lines with ``line number $\equiv 0$ modulo \meta{number}'' get a
%       line number. 
%       If you turn line numbers on and off with \keyname{numbers}, the
%       parameter \keyname{stepnumber} will keep its value. Alternatively you
%       can turn them off via |stepnumber=0| and on with a nonzero number and
%       keep the value of \keyname{numbers}.
%
% \item[1.1,false] \rkeyname{numberfirstline}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}\label{uoption:numberfirstline}
%
%       The first line of each listing gets numbered (if numbers are on at all)
%       even if the line number is not divisible by \keyname{stepnumber}.
%
% \item[0.16,{{}}] \rkeyname{numberstyle}|=|\meta{style}
%
%       determines the font and size of the numbers.
%
% \item[0.19,10pt] \rkeyname{numbersep}|=|\meta{dimension}
%
%       is the distance between number and listing.
%
% \item[1.0,true] \rkeyname{numberblanklines}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}
%
%       If this is set to false, blank lines get no printed line number.
%
% \item[0.20,auto] \rkeyname{firstnumber}|=|\meta{\alternative{auto,last,\normalfont\meta{number}}}
%
%       \texttt{auto} lets the package choose the first number: a new listing
%       starts with number one, a named listing continues the most recent
%       same-named listing (see below), and a stand alone file begins with
%       the number corresponding to the first input line.
%
%       \texttt{last} continues the numbering of the most recent listing and
%       \meta{number} sets it to the number.
%
% \item[1.0] \rkeyname{name}|=|\meta{name}
%
%       names a listing. Displayed environment-listings with the same name
%       share a line counter.
%
% \item[0.20,\arabic{lstnumber},data] \rcmdname\thelstnumber
%
%       prints the lines' numbers.
% \end{syntax}
% We show an example on how to redefine |\thelstnumber|. But if you test it,
% you won't get the result shown on the left.
% \begin{lstxsample}
%    \renewcommand*\thelstnumber{\oldstylenums{\the\value{lstnumber}}}
% \end{lstxsample}
% \begin{lstsample}{\lstset{stepnumber=-1}\label{rDecreasingLabels}}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}[numbers=left,
%                       firstnumber=753]
%    begin { empty lines }
%
%
%
%
%
%
%    end; { empty lines }
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
%
% \begin{advise}
% \item
% The example shows a sequence $n,n+1,\ldots,n+7$ of 8 three-digit figures such that the sequence contains each digit $0,1,\ldots,9$.
% But 8 is not minimal with that property.
% Find the minimal number and prove that it is minimal.
% How many minimal sequences do exist?
%
% Now look at the generalized problem:
% Let $k\in\{1,\ldots,10\}$ be given.
% Find the minimal number $m\in\{1,\ldots,10\}$ such that there is a sequence $n,{n+1},\ldots,\allowbreak{n+m-1}$ of $m$ $k$-digit figures which contains each digit $\{0,\ldots,9\}$.
% Prove that the number is minimal.
% How many minimal sequences do exist?
%
% If you solve this problem with a computer, write a \TeX\ program!
% \end{advise}
%
%
% \subsection{Captions}
%
% In despite of \LaTeX\ standard behaviour, captions and floats are independent
% from each other here; you can use captions with non-floating listings.
% \begin{syntax}
% \item[0.21] \rkeyname{title}|=|\meta{title text}
%
%       is used for a title without any numbering or label.
%
% \item[0.20] \rkeyname{caption}|={|\oarg{short}\meta{caption text}|}|
%
%       The caption is made of \cs{lstlistingname} followed by a running
%       number, a seperator, and \meta{caption text}. Either the caption text
%       or, if present, \meta{short} will be used for the list of listings.
%
% \item[0.21] \rkeyname{label}|=|\meta{name}
%
%       makes a listing referable via |\ref|\marg{name}.
%
% \item[0.16] \rcmdname\lstlistoflistings
%
%       prints a list of listings. Each entry is with descending priority
%       either the short caption, the caption, the file name or the name of the
%       listing, see also the key \keyname{name} in section \ref{rLineNumbers}.
%
% \item[1.0] \rkeyname{nolol}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}\syntaxor\rkeyname{nolol}
%
%       If true, the listing does not make it into the list of listings.
%
% \item[0.16,Listings,data] \rcmdname\lstlistlistingname
%
%       The header name for the list of listings.
%
% \item[0.20,Listing,data] \rcmdname\lstlistingname
%
%       The caption label for listings.
%
% \item[0.20,\arabic{lstlisting},data] \rcmdname\thelstlisting
%
%       prints the running number of the caption.
%
% \item[0.19] \rcmdname\lstname
%
%		prints the name of the current listing which is either the file name or
%       the name defined by the \keyname{name} key. This command can be used to
%       define a caption or title template, for example by
%       |\lstset{caption=\lstname}|.
%
% \item[0.20,t] \rkeyname{captionpos}|=|\meta{subset of \textup{\texttt{tb}}}
%
%       specifies the positions of the caption: top and/or bottom of the
%       listing.
%
% \item[0.20,\smallskipamount] \rkeyname{abovecaptionskip}|=|\meta{dimension}
% \item[0.20,\smallskipamount] \rkeyname{belowcaptionskip}|=|\meta{dimension}
%
%       is the vertical space above respectively below each caption.
% \end{syntax}
%
%
% \subsection{Margins and line shape}\label{rMarginsAndLineShape}
%
% \begin{syntax}
% \item[0.21,\linewidth] \rkeyname{linewidth}|=|\meta{dimension}
%
%       defines the base line width for listings. The following three keys are
%       taken into account additionally.
%
% \item[0.19,0pt] \rkeyname{xleftmargin}|=|\meta{dimension}
% \item[1.0,0pt] \rkeyname{xrightmargin}|=|\meta{dimension}
%
%       The dimensions are used as extra margins on the left and right. Line
%       numbers and frames both move respectively shrink or grow accordingly.
%
% \item[0.19,false] \rkeyname{resetmargins}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}
%
%       If true indention from list environments like \texttt{enumerate} or
%       \texttt{itemize} is reset, i.e.~not used.
%
% \item[0.20,false] \rkeyname{breaklines}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}\syntaxor\rkeyname{breaklines}
%
%       activates or deactivates automatic line breaking of long lines.
%
% \item[0.20,{{}}] \rkeyname{prebreak}|=|\meta{tokens}
% \item[0.20,{{}}] \rkeyname{postbreak}|=|\meta{tokens}
%
%       \meta{tokens} appear at the end of the current line respectively at the beginning of the next (broken part of the) line.
%
%       You must not use dynamic space (in particular spaces) since internally we use |\discretionary|.
%       However |\space| is redefined to be used inside \meta{tokens}.
%
% \item[0.20,20pt] \rkeyname{breakindent}|=|\meta{dimension}
%
%       is the indention of the second, third, \ldots\ line of broken lines.
%
% \item[0.20,true] \rkeyname{breakautoindent}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}\syntaxor\rkeyname{breakautoindent}
%
%       activates or deactivates automatic indention of broken lines. This
%       indention is used additionally to \ikeyname{breakindent}, see the
%       example below.
%       Visible spaces or visible tabulators might set this auto
%       indention to zero.
% \end{syntax}
% In the following example we use tabulators to create long lines, but the
% verbatim part uses |tabsize=1|.
% \begin{lstxsample}
%    \lstset{postbreak=\space, breakindent=5pt, breaklines}
% \end{lstxsample}
% \begin{lstsample}{\lstset{string=[d]",tabsize=6}}{\lstset{tabsize=1}\hfuzz=1in}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    		"A long string is broken!"
%    			"Another long line."
%    \end{lstlisting}
%
%    \begin{lstlisting}[breakautoindent
%                                 =false]
%    		{ Now auto indention is off. }
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
%
%
% \subsection{Frames}\label{rFrames}
%
% \begin{syntax}
% \item[1.0,none] \rkeyname{frame}|=|\meta{\alternative{none,leftline,topline,bottomline,lines,single,shadowbox}}
%
%       draws either no frame, a single line on the left, at the top, at the
%       bottom, at the top and bottom, a whole single frame, or a shadowbox.
%
%       Note that \packagename{fancyvrb} supports the same frame types except
%       \texttt{shadowbox}. The shadow color is \keyname{rulesepcolor}, see
%       below.
%
% \item[0.19,{{}}] \rkeyname{frame}|=|\meta{subset of \textup{\texttt{trblTRBL}}}
%
%		The characters \texttt{trblTRBL} are attached to lines at the top and
%       bottom of a listing and to lines on the right and left. Upper case
%       characters are used to draw double rules. So |frame=tlrb| draws a
%       single frame and |frame=TL| double lines at the top and on the left.
%
%       Note that frames usually reside outside the listing's space.
%
% \item[0.20,ffff] \rkeyname{frameround}|=|\meta{\alternative{t,f}}\meta{\alternative{t,f}}\meta{\alternative{t,f}}\meta{\alternative{t,f}}
%
%       The four letters are attached to the top right, bottom right, bottom
%       left and top left corner. In this order. \texttt{t} makes the
%       according corner round. If you use round corners, the rule width is
%       controlled via |\thinlines| and |\thicklines|.
%
%       Note: The size of the quarter circles depends on \keyname{framesep}
%       and is independent of the extra margins of a frame. The size is
%       possibly adjusted to fit \LaTeX's circle sizes.
%
% \item[0.19,3pt] \rkeyname{framesep}|=|\meta{dimension}
% \item[0.19,2pt] \rkeyname{rulesep}|=|\meta{dimension}
%
%		control the space between frame and listing and between double rules.
%
% \item[0.19,0.4pt] \rkeyname{framerule}|=|\meta{dimension}
%
%		controls the width of the rules.
%
% \item[1.0,0pt] \rkeyname{framexleftmargin}|=|\meta{dimension}
% \item[1.0,0pt] \rkeyname{framexrightmargin}|=|\meta{dimension}
% \item[1.0,0pt] \rkeyname{framextopmargin}|=|\meta{dimension}
% \item[1.0,0pt] \rkeyname{framexbottommargin}|=|\meta{dimension}
%
%       are the dimensions which are used additionally to \keyname{framesep}
%       to make up the margin of a frame.
%
% \item[0.21] \rkeyname{backgroundcolor}|=|\meta{color command}
% \item[0.21] \rkeyname{rulecolor}|=|\meta{color command}
% \item[1.0] \rkeyname{fillcolor}|=|\meta{color command}
% \item[1.0] \rkeyname{rulesepcolor}|=|\meta{color command}
%
%       specify the colour of the background, the rules, the space between
%       `text box' and first rule, and of the space between two rules,
%       respectively.
%       Note that the value requires a |\color| command, for example
%       \keyname{rulecolor}|=\color{blue}|.
% \end{syntax}
% \ikeyname{frame} does not work with |fancyvrb=true| or when the package
% internally makes a |\hbox| around the listing! And there are certainly more
% problems with other commands. Take the time to make a (bug) report.
%\ifcolor
% \begin{lstxsample}
%    \lstset{framexleftmargin=5mm, frame=shadowbox, rulesepcolor=\color{blue}}
% \end{lstxsample}
%\else
%    \lstset{framexleftmargin=5mm, frame=shadowbox}
%\fi
% \begin{lstsample}{}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}[numbers=left]
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        { do nothing }
%    end;
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
%
% Do you want exotic frames?
% Try the following key if you want for example
% \begin{lstsample}{\lstset{frameshape={RYRYNYYYY}{yny}{yny}{RYRYNYYYY}}}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        { do nothing }
%    end;
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% \begin{syntax}
% \item[0.20,,\dag] \rkeyname{frameshape}|=|\marg{top shape}\marg{left shape}\marg{right shape}\marg{bottom shape}
%
%       gives you full control over the drawn frame parts.
%       The arguments are not case sensitive.
%
%       Both \meta{left shape} and \meta{right shape} are `left-to-right'
%       \alternative{y,n} character sequences (or empty). Each |y| lets the
%       package draw a rule, otherwise the rule is blank. These vertical rules
%       are drawn `left-to-right' according to the specified shapes.
%       The example above uses |yny|.
%
%       \meta{top shape} and \meta{bottom shape} are `left-rule-right'
%       sequences (or empty). The first `left-rule-right' sequence is attached
%       to the most inner rule, the second to the next, and so on.
%       Each sequence has three characters: `rule' is either |y| or |n|;
%       `left' and `right' are |y|, |n| or |r| (which makes a corner round).
%       The example uses |RYRYNYYYY| for both shapes:
%       |RYR| describes the most inner (top and bottom) frame shape, |YNY|
%       the middle, and |YYY| the most outer.
% \end{syntax}
% To summarize, the example above used
% \begin{verbatim}
%    \lstset{frameshape={RYRYNYYYY}{yny}{yny}{RYRYNYYYY}}\end{verbatim}
% Note that you are not resticted to two or three levels.
% However you'll get in trouble if you use round corners when they are too big.
%
%
% \subsection{Indexing}
%
% \begin{syntax}
% \item[0.19] \rkeyname{index}|=|\oarg{number}\oarg{keyword classes}\marg{identifiers}
% \item[0.21] \rkeyname{moreindex}|=|\oarg{number}\oarg{keyword classes}\marg{identifiers}
% \item[0.21] \rkeyname{deleteindex}|=|\oarg{number}\oarg{keyword classes}\marg{identifiers}
%
%       define, add and remove \meta{identifiers} and \meta{keyword classes}
%       from the index class list \meta{number}. If you don't specify the
%       optional number, the package assumes \meta{number} $=1$.
%
%		Each appearance of the explicitly given identifiers and each appearance
%       of the identifiers of the specified \meta{keyword classes} is indexed.
%       For example, you could write |index=[1][keywords]| to index all
%       keywords. Note that |[1]| is required here---otherwise we couldn't use
%       the second optional argument.
%
% \item[0.19,\lstindexmacro] \rkeyname{indexstyle}|=|\oarg{number}\meta{tokens \textup(one-parameter command\textup)}
%
%       \meta{tokens} actually indexes the identifiers for the list
%       \meta{number}. In contrast to the style keys, \meta{tokens}
%       \emph{must} read exactly one parameter, namely the identifier.
%       Default definition is\icmdname{\lstindexmacro}\vspace*{-\itemsep}
% \begin{verbatim}
%    \newcommand\lstindexmacro[1]{\index{{\ttfamily#1}}}\end{verbatim}
%       \vspace*{-\itemsep}which you shouldn't modify.
%       Define your own indexing commands and use them as argument to this key.
% \end{syntax}
% Section \ref{uIndexing} describes this feature in detail.
%
%
% \subsection{Column alignment}\label{rColumnAlignment}
%
% \begin{syntax}
% \item[1.0,{[c]fixed}] \rkeyname{columns}|=|\oarg{\alternative{c,l,r}}\meta{\alternative{fixed,flexible,fullflexible}}
%
%       selects the respective column format, refer section
%       \ref{uFixedAndFlexibleColumns}.
%
%       The optional |c|, |l|, or |r| controls the horizontal orientation of
%       smallest output units (keywords, identifiers, etc.). The arguments work
%       as follows, where vertical bars visualize the effect:
%           $\vert$\lstinline[columns={[c]fixed}]!listing!$\vert$,
%           $\vert$\lstinline[columns={[l]fixed}]!listing!$\vert$, and
%           $\vert$\lstinline[columns={[r]fixed}]!listing!$\vert$
%       in fixed column mode,
%           $\vert$\lstinline[columns={[c]flexible}]!listing!$\vert$,
%           $\vert$\lstinline[columns={[l]flexible}]!listing!$\vert$, and
%           $\vert$\lstinline[columns={[r]flexible}]!listing!$\vert$
%       with flexible columns, and
%           $\vert$\lstinline[columns={[c]fullflexible}]!listing!$\vert$,
%           $\vert$\lstinline[columns={[l]fullflexible}]!listing!$\vert$, and
%           $\vert$\lstinline[columns={[r]fullflexible}]!listing!$\vert$
%       with full flexible columns.
%
% \item[0.18,false] \rkeyname{flexiblecolumns}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}\syntaxor\rkeyname{flexiblecolumns}
%
%       selects the most recently selected flexible or fixed column format,
%       refer to section \ref{uFixedAndFlexibleColumns}.
%
% \item[0.21,false,\dag] \rkeyname{keepspaces}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}
%
%       |keepspaces=true| tells the package not to drop spaces to fix column
%       alignment and always converts tabulators to spaces.
%
% \item[0.16] \rkeyname{basewidth}|=|\meta{dimension}\syntaxor
% \item[0.18,{{0.6em,0.45em}}] \rkeyname{basewidth}|={|\meta{fixed}|,|\meta{flexible mode}|}|
%
%       sets the width of a single character box for fixed and flexible column
%       mode (both to the same value or individually).
%
% \item[0.20,false] \rkeyname{fontadjust}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}\syntaxor\rkeyname{fontadjust}
%
%       If true the package adjusts the base width every font selection.
%       This makes sense only if \ikeyname{basewidth} is given in font specific
%       units like `em' or `ex'---otherwise this boolean has no effect.
%
%       After loading the package, it doesn't adjust the width every font
%       selection: it looks at \ikeyname{basewidth} each listing and uses the
%       value for the whole listing. This is possibly inadequate if the style
%       keys in section \ref{rFigureOutTheAppearance} make heavy font size
%       changes, see the example below.
%
%       Note that this key might disturb the column alignment and might have an
%       effect on the keywords' appearance!
% \end{syntax}
% \begin{lstsample}{\lstset{basicstyle=\normalsize}}{}
%    \lstset{commentstyle=\scriptsize}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    { scriptsize font
%      doesn't look good }
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        { do nothing }
%    end;
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
% \begin{lstsample}{\lstset{basicstyle=\normalsize,commentstyle=\scriptsize}}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}[fontadjust]
%    { scriptsize font
%      looks better now }
%    for i:=maxint to 0 do
%    begin
%        { do nothing }
%    end;
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
%
%
% \subsection{Escaping to \LaTeX}\label{rEscapingToLaTeX}
%
% \textbf{Note:} {\itshape Any escape to \LaTeX\ may disturb the column
% alignment since the package can't control the spacing there.}
% \begin{syntax}
% \item[0.18,false] \rkeyname{texcl}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}\syntaxor\rkeyname{texcl}
%
%       activates or deactivates \LaTeX\ comment lines. If activated, comment
%       line delimiters are printed as usual, but the comment line text (up to
%       the end of line) is read as \LaTeX\ code and typeset in comment style.
% \end{syntax}
% The example uses \Cpp\ comment lines (but doesn't say how to define them).
% Without |\upshape| we would get \textit{calculate} since the comment style
% is |\itshape|.
% \begin{lstsample}{\lstset{morecomment=[l]//}}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}[texcl]
%    // \upshape calculate $a_{ij}$
%      A[i][j] = A[j][j]/A[i][j];
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
%
% \begin{syntax}
% \item[0.19,false] \rkeyname{mathescape}|=|\meta{\alternative{true,false}}
%
%       activates or deactivates special behaviour of the dollar sign.
%       If activated a dollar sign acts as \TeX's text math shift.
%
%       This key is useful if you want to typeset formulas in listings.
%
% \item[0.19,{{}}] \rkeyname{escapechar}|=|\meta{character}\syntaxor\rkeyname{escapechar}|={}|
%
%       If not empty the given character escapes the user to \LaTeX: all code
%       between two such characters is interpreted as \LaTeX\ code. Note that
%       \TeX's special characters must be entered with a preceding backslash,
%       e.g.~|escapechar=\%|.
%
% \item[0.20,{{}}] \rkeyname{escapeinside}|=|\meta{character}\meta{character}\syntaxor\rkeyname{escapeinside}|={}|
%
%       Is a generalization of \ikeyname{escapechar}. If the value is not
%       empty, the package escapes to \LaTeX\ between the first and second
%       character.
%
% \item[0.20,{{}}] \rkeyname{escapebegin}|=|\meta{tokens}
% \item[0.20,{{}}] \rkeyname{escapeend}|=|\meta{tokens}
%
%       The tokens are executed at the beginning respectively at the end of
%       each escape, in particular for \ikeyname{texcl}.
%       See section \ref{uNationalCharacters} for an application.
% \end{syntax}
%
% \begin{lstsample}{\lstset{morecomment=[l]//}}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}[mathescape]
%    // calculate $a_{ij}$
%      $a_{ij} = a_{jj}/a_{ij}$;
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
%
% \begin{lstsample}{\lstset{morecomment=[l]//}}{}
%    \begin{lstlisting}[escapechar=\%]
%    // calc%ulate $a_{ij}$%
%      %$a_{ij} = a_{jj}/a_{ij}$%;
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end{lstsample}
%
% \begin{lstsample}{\lstset{morecomment=[l]//}}{}
%    \lstset{escapeinside=`'}
%    \begin{lstlisting}
%    // calc`ulate $a_{ij}$'
%      `$a_{ij} = a_{jj}/a_{ij}$';
%    \end{lstlisting}
% \end